PSY-P 101: EXAM 6

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interested in what the mind does rather than the elements of the mind

established the first psychology lab

John Watson

observe detect regularities generate hypothesis observe test, etc

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

internal-how it applies to the lab external-do your observations apply to real life?

behavior that is being measured or observed

aspect of the environment that is manipulated or changed

messages from the spinal cord TO the brain

messages to the spinal cord FROM the brain

axon-transmits information to the dendrites or cell bodies of neighboring neurons dendrite-receives information

tiny gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrite of the next one

tiny charge between outside and inside of neuron

travels down the axon to other neurons

involuntary actions (heart, stomach, other organs)

the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system

the interpretation of the information (of a sensation)

rods-sensitive to low light cones-sensiive to fine detail, color

increase their firing rates to specific bars of light presented at particular orientation

we perceive color not in terms of separate categories but rather in a system of paired opposites

3 types of cones in the retina, each maximally sensitive to one range of wavelengths

color constancy is the tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color even though we see it in a variety of lighting conditions

internal processes used to set priorities for mental funcioning

a small area at the base of the brain, produces circadian rhythm (cycles of activities that rise and fall along a 24-hour cycle), but is not necessary for its generation

1. theta waves 2. sleep spindles and k complexes3. delta activity

we sleep at night because it stopped people from venturing forth into a hostile environment

"down time" helps repair normal wear and tear on the body and brain

dreams reveal the dreamer's unconscious thoughts and motivations

dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity

depressants-slow activity of the central nervous system stimulants-increase the activity of the central nervous system narcotics-bind to opiate receptors and stimulate dopamine production opiates-affect perception, distort idea of reality

encoding-how memories are formed storage-how memories are kept over time retrieval-how memories are recovered and translated into performance

a system we use to temporarily store, think about, and reason with information

a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information

stores visual and spatial information

stores word sounds

memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally

memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury

memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury

rules governing how words should be combined to form sentences

the smallest units in a language that carry meaning

the smallest significant sound units in speech

technique developed to study for simple associations to form

learning about consequences

dogs-bell-drooling

neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning

the learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus

a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus

stimulus situation in which a response will be followed by a reward or punishment

recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of non-exposure to the unconditioned response

response leads to the presentation of an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

response leads to the removal of an event that increases the likelihood of that event happening again

consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again

a rule that an experimenter uses to determine when particular factors will be reinforced