Study Guide: Final Exam
88 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Archaeology
|
• The Study of the human past through material remains o Origins of: • Domestication • Sedentism • Agriculture • Civilization
|
|
3 major goals of archaeology
|
o Reveal the form of the past o Discover the function of the past o Understand the cultural processes
|
|
Artifacts
|
o Material items that humans have manufactured or modified
|
|
Cultural Features
|
o Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches.
|
|
Early Homo Sapiens Sapiens
|
• Simple foraging, hunting (rely on collecting plants and the hunting of animals) – started with homo erectus • Big game hunting • Individual hunting • Fishing • Gathering • Nomadic to semi nomadic
|
|
Clovis Tradition
|
• 13-12,000 years ago • defined by a single point- specialized for big game hunting
|
|
Earliest Major Human cultural Achievements
|
Art Domestication Sedentism Civilization • A society within an extensive social hierarchy • Cities • Social classes • Government
|
|
Rise of Sedentism and Domestication
|
• Old world- Natufians o Sedentism first o Changes in climate and environment • New World- archaic cultures o Domestication first
|
|
Neolithic Change
|
o Food production o Domestication of plants and animals
|
|
The Middle East (domestication of...)
|
o Wheat o Barley o Beer
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa
|
o Rice o Grains o Sorghum
|
|
China
|
o Different rice o Water buffalo o Pigs o Millett o Chickens o Dogs
|
|
Cultural Mexico
|
o Beans o Squash
|
|
South Central Andes
|
o Potatoes o Beans o Squash o Animals
|
|
Plants process of Domestication: Wild
|
• Small • Grains fall • Brittle rachis • Weak joint • In natural range • Normal pollen
|
|
Plants process of Domestication: Domesticated
|
• Larger • Grains stay on ear when ripe • Tougher joint • Outside normal environment • Changes in pollen
|
|
Animals process of Domestication: Wild
|
• Large • In natural environment • Normal sex/age ratio
|
|
Animals process of Domestication: Domesticated
|
• Outside natural range • Morphological changes • Increased population • Abnormal sex/age ratio
|
|
Plant Domestication: Accidental
|
• Most productive plants get selected for • Garbage heaps
|
|
Plant Domestication: Intentional
|
Purposefully plant wild varieties • Select for wanted traits
|
|
Animal Domestication: Accidental
|
• Earliest-dogs
|
|
Animal Domestication: Intentional
|
• Mobile food source • Cattle, sheep, pigs, goats
|
|
Earliest Domestication
|
o 10,000-6,000 years ago • Few domesticated animals • Earliest crops were • Squash • Maize • Potatoes • Manioc
|
|
Early Farming and food production lead to...
|
o Early farming communities • In the Middle East • Jericho • In Mesoamerica • Oaxaca o Higher Food yields
|
|
Why did humans shift from foraging to sedentary lifestyles?
|
o Sedentism attractive • Plants and animals available today o Middle East had large area with • Stable advantageous climate • High diversity of species o Except this scenario did NOT happen in the Americas • Pacific northwest
|
|
Domestication and Sedentism Disadvantages:
|
• Population change: Large population increase • Shift in the diet: Farmers rely on small number of food types • Insecure food supply: Greater susceptibility to disasters • Increase in disease: Greater concentrations of people • Environmental degradation: Agriculture changes the environme…
|
|
Domestication and Sedentism Advantages:
|
• Farmers need less land than a hunter-gatherer • Farmers have a more predictable food source • Farming is less damaging to the body: Less violent deaths, Longer life-spans • Sedentism means new opportunities for social complexity: More chances to socialize
|
|
2 important factors for explaining early cultural changes
|
o Population pressure • Supporting larger numbers o Human Socialibility • Greater social organization
|
|
Rise of civilization: shifting from egalitarianism
|
oo No large social differenes • Inherited social differences • To ranked societies • Chiefdoms • Single leader, a chief • 7000 bp, middle east • 3200 bp, Mesoamerica
|
|
Rise of civilization: shifting from ranked
|
o Inherited social differences o To state societies • A form of complex social and political organization • Government and social divisions • 5500 bp, middle east • 200 bp, Mesoamerica
|
|
Rise of civilization: development of...
|
o social classes • social differences based on economics and power o social stratification • unequal access to power, wealth, or prestige o specialists • making a living doing something other than producting food
|
|
Rise of complex societies Theories
|
o Hydraulic systems o Long distance trade o Circumscription, population, war o Religion o Charismatic leaders
|
|
Rise of complex societies Theories
|
• NO single reason or cause exists • Each region had multiple reasons o Interrelationship of environment and culture o Different people made different
|
|
Attributes of early states
|
• Regional Territory: Organization of a region of states • Farming economics: Basis for all early states, People primarily involved in subsistence (growing own food) • Tribute and taxation: Funds received for the states • Stratified: Different hierarchies of people types • Building progra…
|
|
Monumental Architecture
|
o Architectural constructions of a greater than human scale o Religious temples- used over and over again after dedicated to life of the ruler
|
|
Artifacts
|
o Sets of artifacts indicating particular social activities
|
|
Burials
|
o Features associated with the internment of bodies
|
|
Settlement Patterns
|
o The distribution of sites and people across the landscape
|
|
Earliest development of civilization
|
Middle East o Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia o First complex societies about 7000 bp
|
|
Development of the Indus Valley
|
o The setting of mohenjo-daro began o Large public structures o Organized neighborhoods o Very large public bathing facility o Public toilets
|
|
Invention of the Wheel
|
o Toys o Not a real use of the wheel
|
|
Invention of a writing system
|
o Indus script o Undeciphered
|
|
Why early states collapsed?
|
o Warfare o Prolonged drought o Disease o Famine o Environmental change o Social transitions
|
|
Archaeology is...
|
• Understanding human cultural past
|
|
Technology and Environment with Archaeology
|
o How human societies interact most directly with the natural environment
|
|
Social Systems
|
o Studying the construction, or o Socially gendered roles o Political organization: How power was channeled and who controlled production and distribution of wealth o Economic organization: How resources were allocated or distributed within a society o Ceramics: tell us a lot about older …
|
|
Pseudo archaeology
|
o A body of popularized accounts that use real or imaginary archaeological evidence • Indiana jones
|
|
Looting
|
• Illegal vandalism and plundering of sites
|
|
Collecting
|
• People go to sites and dig as a family outing • Arrowhead collecting
|
|
Cultural Resource Management
|
o Recovering information and protecting sites from development o Salvage work- collecting information when it first starts
|
|
Responsibility of Archaeologists
|
o Modern issues of skeletal and burial analy sis and different ethnic groups • NAGPRA
|
|
Cultural Anthropology
|
• Study of modern human society and culture o Patterns in behavior, thought, and perceptions. o Through active participation • Patterns of subsistence • Economic systems • Social and political organization • Kinship and marriage • Myth, ritual, religion, and art • Globalism
|
|
Subsistence
|
Doing what is necessary to sustain human life o Food, clothing, shelter o Adaptive strategies • A groups system of economic activity
|
|
Economic Activity
|
• The extraction, production, exchange, storage, and consumption of material things of life
|
|
Foraging
|
o Hunter-gatherers • Mobile, Rely on natural resources, Band societies, 100 or less, kinship social organization o flexible • egalitarian social systems, age and gender, Kung! Bushmen, Inuit, Northwest coast Indians
|
|
Horticulture
|
o Subsistence farmers • Simple tools, Fields not permanent, Slash and burn, Shifting o Farmers • Swidden farming, Plots lie fallow , Slash and burn
|
|
Agriculture
|
o Intensive farming • More complex tools, Domesticated animals, Mechanized, Irrigating, Terracing, Eliminating pests, Cost and benefits, Greater yield, Dependable, Higher population, Intensification, Sedentary, Specialized
|
|
The Cultivation Continuum
|
• Horticulturalists → Industrial Agriculturalists
|
|
Pastoralism
|
o Subsistence Herders • Breeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animals o Use animals directly o Mobile • Pastoral nomadism • Transhumance
|
|
Industrialism
|
o Industrial production • Factory production • Capitolism • Socialist production
|
|
Mode of Production
|
• Way of organizing production • Nonindustrial vs industrial Economic Systems Balancing demands, supply, and needs
|
|
Means of Production
|
o Major productive resources o Land, labor, technology o Non industrial societies • More closely connected • Linked through social and kin organizations • Less specialized o Industrial society • Production is not owned by the laborer • Less connected
|
|
2 Economic Anthropology questions:
|
o what motivates people in different cultures? o How are economies organized in different societies? • Using cross-cultural perspectives
|
|
Maximizing
|
• Trying to gain the largest margin of individual profit
|
|
Economizing
|
• Rational allocation of scare resources to particular uses
|
|
Alternative Ends
|
• Subsistence funds • Replacement funds • Social funds • Ceremonial funds • Rent funds
|
|
Distribution and Exchange
|
o Organization of economies • How economic systems work
|
|
3 Economic Systems: Market Principle
|
• Exchange of goods and services with a standardized value • Dominant in north America • Distribution and exchange • Organization of economies o How economic systems work
|
|
3 Economic Systems: Redistribution
|
• Centrally redistributed goods throughout a community • Potlatching • Distribution and exchange • Organization of economies o How economic systems work
|
|
3 Economic Systems: Reciprocity
|
• The exchange of goods and services of equal value • 3 types • generalized- unequal • balanced- equal • negative- one sided • Coexistance of exchange principles
|
|
Potlatching
|
o exchange of goods Among tribes of the Northwest coast of North America o Big community celebration o Conspicuous consumption?
|
|
Kinship
|
o Organizing human relationships of interdependence o Basic human social organization o How individuals relate to others
|
|
Family
|
• Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption kinship starts with family
|
|
Nuclear Family
|
• Mom, dad, kids o Impermanent o Product of individual life-cycles • The nuclear family is not a universal human trait o Other patterns serve the same functions o Nayar-India • Tarawad household • Husbands live in their mothers household, but sons do
|
|
Extended Family
|
• Grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc o Can be families of procreation and orientation • Lower economic classes
|
|
Family Orientation
|
• In which one is born into
|
|
Family of Procreation
|
• Created through marriage
|
|
Descent Group
|
o A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry
|
|
3 ways to define descent group: Unilineal
|
• Relationships are recognized through one line of descent, whether mothers or fathers kin lines • Matrilineal o Kinship through mothers family • Patrilineal o Kinship through fathers family
|
|
3 ways to define descent group: Ambilineal
|
• People can choose to recognize relationships through either the mothers or the fathers lines
|
|
3 ways to define descent group: Bilateral
|
• Relationships are recognized through both lines of descent
|
|
3 forms of descent groups: Lineage
|
o A descent group with a common known ancestor o Patrilineages • The male line • Daughters leave • Patrilocal o Matrilineages
|
|
3 forms of descent groups: Clan
|
o Members believe they have a common ancestor • May not specify the genealogical links o Made up of several lineages o Long historical background o Ancestor is often a mythical figure • Nonhuman…..
|
|
3 forms of descent groups: Bilateral Kindred
|
o Membership is based on recognizing close relatives on the mothers and fathers side
|
|
Kinship Calculations
|
• classification systems based on how different cultures perceive their social worlds • no two individuals will have the same kinship system • however general patterns do exist
|
|
Parallel Cousins
|
• The children of a persons parents same sex siblings
|
|
Cross Cousins
|
• The children of a persons parents opposite sex siblings
|
|
4 ways of classifying kinship:
|
o Lineal terminology o Bifurcate merging terminology o Generational terminology o Bifurcate collateral terminology
|
ANTH 1102: Exam 2