ANTH 1102: Exam 1
61 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
What are the 3 main themes of anthropology?
|
1. Culture and Evolution
2. Archaeology and the Human Past
3. Cultural Anthropology and Social Organization
|
|
What is the central focus of UGA's anthropology department?
|
human-environment interaction
-- using ecological and environmental anthropology
|
|
What does it mean to say that anthropology is both holistic and comparative?
|
holistic - complete study that considers all facets of human society and uses multiple methods
comparative - cross cultural comparison of societies to understand/observe the similarities and differences
|
|
How does physical and biological anthropology differ?
|
essentially the same but
physical - studying the physical objects and artifacts such as bones, forensics
biological - more scientific in its approach such as studying genetics or nutrition and health
|
|
What are the 4 Fields of Anthropology?
|
1. Cultural
- study of social and cultural similarities and differences
2. Linguistic
- study of language, symbols, and idioms
3. Biological
- study of human biological variation between past and present
4. Anthropological Archaeology
- the study of human culture through mater…
|
|
What is the 5th subdiscipline?
|
Applied Anthropology
- solving real problems in contemporary society
|
|
What is the "cabinet of curiosities" and its relationship to early anthropology?
|
-when well-off anthropologists would travel and bring back artifacts from cultures around the world
- eventually they developed into the first museums
|
|
Describe emphasis at UGA on ecological and environmental anthropology and their relationship?
|
ecological - the study of cultural adaptations to particular environments
environment - the study of conservation/sustainability
- they both make up human-environment interaction
|
|
Enculturation
|
the process by which a person learns his/her culture
|
|
Acculturation
|
exchange of cultural features through continuous contact; modification of a culture by interaction with a different culture
|
|
What are the 3 characteristics of culture used by anthropologists?
|
1. Culture is learned (enculturation)
2. Culture is integrated (through religion, schooling, etc.)
3. Culture is shared (acculturation)
|
|
What are the 3 purposes of the anthropological study of culture?
|
1. To bridge social distances
2. To give voice to under-represented people
3. To encourage respect for diversity
|
|
Disease
|
a scientifically identified threat
|
|
Illness
|
culturally defined; conditions felt by an individual
|
|
How does archaeology differ from art history?
|
Archaeology is interested in non-aesthetic elements of invention
|
|
Where might a paleoanthropologist look to find fossils?
|
where geological contexts are suitable for fossilization
|
|
What are the 3 methods for identifying an archaeological site?
|
Standing architecture (ex: pyramids, easter island)
Local knowledge
Presence of artifacts
Written records
Settlement patterns
Systematic survey
multiple answers to this question; choose any 3 to remember
|
|
What can we learn from the study of past human settlement patterns?
|
- how people grouped themselves and interacted spacially
- the distribution of sites in a region
- how many sites there were
- the changes in these patterns over time
there are other answers not listed here
|
|
What are the 3 different kinds of culture?
|
1. National Culture
2. Subculture
3. Popular Culture
|
|
Name something that was invented independently in different parts of the world
|
stone tools
|
|
Why is the context of an artifact at an archaeological site important?
|
it helps to better understand the purpose of the object; without context, it becomes potentially less important than it was
|
|
What are the two concepts that allow anthropologists to study holistically and comparatively?
|
1. Adaptation
- the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
2. Variation
- biological and cultural differences between human populations
|
|
What are the 2 primary methods of archaeology and paleoanthropology?
|
1. Systematic Survey
2. Excavation
|
|
What are the two types of dating? Briefly explain.
|
1. Relative Dating
- dating things in sequence; seriation (chronological sequence based on changes in form or style over time)
2. Absolute Dating
- dating by exact calendar dates
|
|
What is the historic and current way scientists approach biological diversity?
|
1. Racial Classification (past)
2. Explanatory Approach (present; focuses on understanding specific differences)
|
|
Why is race a social construct and not biological?
|
- no single trait can be used as a basis for racial classification
- many label aren't accurate
- many populations don't fit the label
|
|
How can twins have identical genotype but different phenotype?
|
their genes are expressed differently even though they share the same DNA
|
|
Punctuated Evolution
|
an event occurs that immediately affects the population, forcing adaptation
|
|
Gradual Evolution
|
typical adaptation over time
|
|
Why did Spencer Wells from the Ted Talk video believe that humans left Africa so recently as opposed to earlier?
|
because we were going into the worst ice age, Africa was turning into a desert, and there were only a few habitable places on Earth
|
|
Hypoxia
|
diminished supply of oxygen to bodily tissues
|
|
How did both Andean and Tibetan people adapt to hypoxia?
|
by learning to breathe at the same rate but carrying more oxygen per red blood cell
|
|
Explain "race is about culture not biology"
|
race is a socially constructed concept
|
|
What does it mean when we say evolution is a theory?
|
a theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on scientific data; there is enough evidence to conclude evolution as a theory
|
|
DNA
|
- DeoxyruboNucleic Acid
- complex molecule that contains info that can direct the synthesis of proteins
|
|
What are the 4 sources of change in biological evolution?
|
1. Mutation
- chance alteration that produces a new gene
2. Genetic Drift
- chance fluctuations in the gene pool
3. Gene Flow
- introduction of new alleles from nearby populations
4. Natural Selection
- adaptation
|
|
According to Spencer Wells, what environmental factor probably first drove the ancestors of modern humans out of Africa?
|
climate change
|
|
Mitochondrial Eve
|
refers to the fact that most humans share 99.9% of their DNA and every human shares the same common woman ancestor who gave birth to all of the human diversity in the world
|
|
What is the difference between human biological variation and human racial classification?
|
biological - based on genetic characteristics
racial - based on visible traits
|
|
Explain the reason behind different skin color
|
people lived in different parts of the world where they were exposed to different amount of sun; melanin was needed in more amounts in areas where it was sunny and hot to act as a sunscreen from the harsh UV rays
|
|
What is wrong with the popular evolution cartoon?
|
the cartoon shows that we are evolved from apes/monkeys but in fact we share a common ancestor with them but did not directly evolve from them
|
|
Why did bipedalism begin to develop in our early ancestors?
|
developed in the woodlands but was more adaptive in the savanna; more efficient as far as energy; ability to see over tall grass
|
|
Describe 3 physical characteristics that differ in bipedal hominins and quadrapedal hominins?
|
-Foramen Magnum position shift more forward to center of skull
-Broadened and shortened top to bottom pelvis in bipedal hominins
-Legs of hominins grew much longer and stronger than their arms to hold body weight
-Feet of hominins grew longer and developed arches to more substantially …
|
|
Hominid
|
humans, apes, and their immediate ancestors
|
|
Hominin
|
human line after our split with apes; species that paleoanthropologists have agreed is a human or a human ancestor along our branch of the evolutionary tree
|
|
Why is the study of primates part of anthropology?
|
by studying primates we are essentially studying ourselves
- show similar adaptive strategies
- show similar cognitive/behavioral patterns
|
|
What 2 adaptations are legacies of our arboreal heritage?
|
1. social groups
2. hunter/gatherers
|
|
What are some examples of affiliative behavior in other primates?
|
grooming, parental investment in offspring, altruism, grieving loss of members of group
|
|
When do primates first appear in the fossil record?
|
around 60 mya during the Paleocene
|
|
When did our human ancestors diverge genetically and behaviorally from other apes?
|
5-8 mya in late Miocene
|
|
What were some of the physical and behavioral adaptations of our ancestors to the African savannah landscape?
|
- arboreal to terrestrial
- bipedal
- broadened dietary patterns because food and water was more dispersed
|
|
What is the significance of the Laetoli footprints in Tanzania?
|
evidence of human-like bipedal locomotion of Australopithecines; showed males were larger than females
|
|
What is the archaeological/cultural significance of stone tool use?
|
- show evidence of forethought and intentionality
- allowed addition of meat into diet
- the site where the stones were first found were in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The tools were called Oldowan Tools.
- thought that Homo habilis was the first to use tools, this discovery foun…
|
|
Why is homo erectus "where we can really start seeing ourselves"?
|
- first signs of intelligence
-more human like body
- 100% bipedal
|
|
What are 2 indisputable facts about Australopithecines?
|
1. Bipedal with some retention of adaptation to arboreal life
2. Evolution of erect bipedal position long before acquiring highly enlarged brain
|
|
Bipedalism characteristics
|
- foramen magnum more forward
- kneeing in of thigh bones
- wide, shorter pelivs
- stable, arched foot
- no opposable big toe
- shorter toes
|
|
Who were the earliest Australopithecines?
|
1. A. Anamensis
- signs of being bipedal but still adapted to climbing trees; first signs of evolution in bipedal way of life
2. A. Afarensis
- sexual dimorphism; fully bipedal; they split into the genus Homo, which are humans direct ancestors (Gracile)
|
|
Who were our first ancestors to radiate out of Africa?
|
homo erectus
-human like body, bigger brain, smaller jaw
|
|
Why do scientists believe we developed bipedalism?
|
because of the shift in climate change from tropical to savannah forcing out ancestors into the open
|
|
Hypothesis for why Neanderthals went extinct
|
scientists believe homo sapiens wiped them out; they were less advanced than modern humans; competing for resources; possible that they interbred and was absorbed into dominant population
|
|
Svante Pablo and FOXP2
|
- geneticist that compares our DNA with the rest of our family tree
- by comparing human FOXP2 with neanderthal DNA we can determine what makes us different from neanderthals
- found that modern day humans and neanderthals shared the same version of FOXP2 gene
- proved that neanderthal…
|
ANTH 1102: Exam 2