PSYC 1000: TEST 2
179 Cards in this Set
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Body temperature throughout the day
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your body temperature does not remain at a steady 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the day
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Consciousness *NEED TO KNOW*
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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consciousness vs.
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alertness vs being unconscious
self awareness
having free will
mental content, thoughts and imaginings.
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spontaneous forms of consciousness
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daydreaming
drowsiness
dreaming
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physiologically induced forms of consciousness
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hallucination
orgasm
food or oxygen starvation
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psychologically induced forms of consciousness
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sensory deprivation
hypnosis
meditation
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all of the above are involved in divided consciousness
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1.drivers are 4x more likely to have an accident when talking on the phone
2.driving while talking on the phone is as dangerous as driving with the blood alcohol level at the legal limit
3. increased risk of accidents from cell phone is due to loss of concentration
4.eating,drinking,an…
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daydreaming
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FORM OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT OCCURS DURING A WAKING STATE
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when does the most daydreams occur
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in the mundane tasks of everyday life.
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tendency prone to daydreaming
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bored
engaged in unstructured activities
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circadian rhythm
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body's natural 24-hour cycle roughly matched to the day/night cycle of light and dark which includes sleep and wakefulness
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what changes during 24 hours
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body temp
arousal/energy
mental sharpness
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Larks
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50 year old
morning peak of alertness
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Owls
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20 year old
evening peak
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another term for circadian rhythm
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biological clock
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what does frequent time shifting do to circadian rhythm
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it wreaks havoc
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what does light do to circadian rhymth
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when light enters through the eye helps body clock keep sync with day and night
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what happens to body temperature with circadian rhythm
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body temp falls a few degrees during the middle of the night
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are circadian rhythms found in all species
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yes even including paramecia and trees
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best time to take nap during the day
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2-4pm
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how do we learn about sleep and dreams
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monitor EEG/brain waves and muscle movements
expose sleeping person tonoise and words and examine effects on brain and memory
wake people and see mental state
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sleep stages
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4 types.
refers to the distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity that are associated with different types of consciousness and sleep
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sleep cycles
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patterns of shifting through all the sleep stages
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how long is each sleep cycles on average
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90 minutes
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alpha/ beta waves
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alpha- relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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Stage 5
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REM Sleep
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REM Sleep
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rapid eye movements.
heart rate rises
sleep paralysis
genitals are aroused
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who discovered REM Sleep
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Eugene Aserinsky's (1953)
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Sleep Paralysis
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ALSO KNOWN AS PARADOXICAL SLEEP. brainstem blocks motor cortex's message and the muscles don't move.
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Which stage does dreaming occur?
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stage 5: REM Sleep
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who sleeps better?
older adults or younger adults
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younger adults.
older adults nomrally only get one deep sleep throughout the night while younger adults get around 3
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the amount and pattern of sleep is affected by?
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biology
age
culture
individual variation
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true or false?
do north americans sleep less than others
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true
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jet lag
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due to the fact that circadian rhythm is hard to shift.
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which hormone is related to the circadian rhythm?
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melatonin
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what stage of sleep is your deepest sleep
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stages 3-4
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delta waves
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1.5-4 cps
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theta waves
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5-8cps
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
heart
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increase risk of blood pressure
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
stomach
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increase hunger
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
muscles
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reduced strength and slower reaction time and motor learning
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
brain
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diminished attenitonal focus and memory consolidation
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SLEEP LOSS
EFFECTS
immune system
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supression of immune cell production and increased risk of viral infections
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
fat cells
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increase production
greater risk of obesity
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SLEEP LOSS EFFECTS
joints
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increase inflammation and arthritis
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failure dream
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being pursued, attacked, and rejected, or having bad luck.
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true or false. do dreams often include sexuality
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false
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insomnia
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presistent inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
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narcolepsy
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sleep attacks, even a collapse into REM/paralyzed sleep at inopportune times
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sleep apnea
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repeated awakening after breathing stops
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night terrors
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sudden scared looking behavior
rapid heartbeat and breathing
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sleepwalking
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runs in families.
mostly affect children
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are nightmares and night terrors the same
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no.
nightmares are remembered.
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what can cause insomnia
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depression
substance abuse
problem sleep habits
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how many people suffer sleep apnea
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18 million americans
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what causes sleep apnea
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structural defects in mouth or throat
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how many times could a person with sleep apnea stop breathing during sleep
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500
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what are increased risks with sleep apnea
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stroke and hypertension
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what percent of of children have sleepwalking
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5%
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cognitive behavioral
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effect as sleep medicaition
change what one does or thinking patterns prior to sleep
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know the 15 parts of the brain
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and what their functions are
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types of psychoactive drugs
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depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens
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Psychoactive drugs
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chemicals introduced into the body
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what does psychoactive drugs alter
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perceptions, mood, other elements of conscious experience
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true or false
psychoactive drugs become dangerous when a person develops an addiction or becomes dependent on the substance
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true
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which age is more likely to develop disorder substance abuse
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3/4 substance abuse disorder occur by the age of 27. so age 20-30
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what factors are related to addiction
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1 tolerance
2 withdrawal
3 impact on daily life
4 physical and psychological dependence
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tolerance
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diminished psychoactive effects after repeated use
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withdrawal
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painful symptoms of the body readjusting to the absense of the drug
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true or false
withdrawl worsens addiction
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true
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psychological dependence
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person is preoccupied with a drug for emotional reason
such as reduction of stress
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physical/ physiological dependence
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body responses to absent of drug so an uncomfortable feeling changing in physical functioning and behavior
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in physical dependence
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the body has been altered in ways that create cravings
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in psychological dependence
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person's resources for coping with daily life
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depressants
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chemicals that reduce neural activity and other body functions
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examples of depressants
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alcohol
barbiturates
opiates
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which organ is most affected by alcohol
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liver
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how many deaths does alcohol account for
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>100,000 deaths
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alcohol plays a role in approximately how many suicies and accidental deaths in the US
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1 in 3
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effects of alcohol use
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slow neural processing
reduced memory formation
impaired self-control
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binge drinking for men
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5+ drinks on one ocacsion
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binge drinking for women
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4+ drinks on one occasion
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how many NC high school students had first drink before age 13
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1/4
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how many high school students drink alcohol
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75%
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how many high school students are binge drinkers
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24%
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what percent of middle school students began drinking before age 11
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33%
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where do most teen get their alcohol
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parents
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barbiturates
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tranquilizers drugs that depress central nervous system activity
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examples of barbiturates
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nembutal, seconal, amytal
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opiates
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chemicals such as morphin and heroin that are made form opium poppy
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what does high doses of opiates produce
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euphoria
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stimulants
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drugs which intensify neural activity and bodily functions
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physical effects of stimulants
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dilated pupils
increased breathing
increased heart rate
increase blood sugar
decreased appetite
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examples of stimulants
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caffeine
nicotine
amphetamines
cocaine
ecstasy
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caffeine disrupts sleep for how many hours
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3-4 hours
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what is the main effect of nicotine use
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addiction
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cocaine block _______?
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reuptake
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methamphetamine
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triggers the sustained release of dopamine, sometimes leading to eight hours of euphoria and energy
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what are the building blocks of the mind
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neurons
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biological psychologists explore what?
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the associations between body, mind, and behavior
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true or false
the brain is interconnected with the rest of the body
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true
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dendrities
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revieve messages from other cells
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cell body
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cell's life support center
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axon
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passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons
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terminal branches of axon
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forms junctions iwth other cells
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myelin shealth
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covers the axon of some neorons and helps speed neural impulses
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neural impulse
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electrical signal traveling down the axon
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actin potential
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neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave
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direction of neural impulse
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toward axon terminals
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when is the threshold reached?
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when excitatory (fire) signals outweigh the inhibitory (don't fire) signals by a certain amount
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synapse
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gap between cells
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals used to send a signal across the synpatic gap
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reuptake
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recycling neurotransmitters, after the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neurons, the chemicals are taken bake up into the sending neuron to be used again
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functions of neurotransmitter
serotonin
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affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
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functions of neurotransmitter
dopamine
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influences movement learning attention and emotion
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functions of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh)
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enables muscle action learning and memory
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functions of neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
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helps control alertness and arousal
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functions of neurotransmitter
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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functions of neurotransmitter
GLUTAMATE
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a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
undersupply linked to depression; some antidepressant drugs raise these levels
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serotonin
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply liked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease and ADHD
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dopamine
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
deteriorate as Alzheimer's desease progresses
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
undersupply can depress mood and cause ADHD- like attention problems
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norepinephrine
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
undersupply linked to seizures, trmeors and insomnia
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GABA
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linked to what neurotransmitter?
oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures
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Glutamate
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Serotonin Pathways to help regulate ____?
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mood, a network of neurons that communicate with serotonin help regulate mood
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dopamine pathways involved in _______?
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focusing attention and controlling movement
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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autonomic
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controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands
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somatic
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controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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sympathetic
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arousing
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parasympathetic
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calming
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the CNS is the body's ____?
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decision maker
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the PNS does what for the CNS
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gathers info from the body and send CNS decisions out to the body
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sensory neurons
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carry messages IN from body's tissues
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motor neurons
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carry insturctions OUT
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interneuorons
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in the brain and spinal cord that process information between sensory and motor
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peripheral nervous system
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1 autonomic
1. somatic
down from autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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where does reflex action occur
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in the spinal cord; its a decision made without the brain
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the endocrine system
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set of glands that produce chemical mesengers called hormones
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
hypothalamus
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brain region controlling pituitary gland
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
pituitary gland
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secretes hormones
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
thyoid gland
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affects metabolism
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
parathyroids
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regulate level of calcium in the blood
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
adrenal glands
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inner part helps trigger the fight or flight response
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
pancreas
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regulated the level of sugar in the blood
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
testis
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male sex hormones
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functions of these parts of endocrine system
ovary
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female sex hormones
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how does endocrine system send molecules as message
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through the bloodstream
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EEG
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recording of the electrical waves sweeping accros the brain's surface
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what is an EGG useful for studying
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seizures and sleep
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PET scan
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see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs given task
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what does PET stand for
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positron emission tomorgraphy
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MRI: magnetic resonance imagine
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makes images from signals produced by brain tissues after magnets align the spin of atomas
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fMRI: functional MRI
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reveals brain activity and function rather than stuctures
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what makes up the brainstem
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pons and the medulla
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medulla
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controls heartbeat and breathing
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thalamus is also known as the
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sensory switchboard
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thalamus
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all sensory messages except smell
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Reicular Formation
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enables alertnes; stimulating this makes us wide awake
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cerebellum
"little brain"
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helps coordinate voluntary movement
enabling memory and nonverbal learning
stores implicit memories and condiitions
helps us judge time, modulate emotions and integrate multiple sources of sensory input
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what 2 parts of the brain is the cerebellum located at
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behind the pons and below the back of the brain
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limbic system
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emotions such as fear and aggression
basic drives: hunger and sex
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hippocampus
"seahorse"
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processes conscious, episodic memories
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amygdala
almond
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process emotions especially fear and agression
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hypothalamus
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regulates body temperature and ensured adequate food and water intake (homeostasis)
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cerebral cortex
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outer grey "bark" structure that is wrinkled in order to create more surface are for neurons
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frontal lobes
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involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
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parietal lobes
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include in the sensory cortex
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occipital lobes
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include visual areas
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temporal lobes
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include the auditory processing areas
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output motor cortex
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left hemisphere section controls the body's right side.
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true or false
more complex animals have more cortical spave devoted to integrating/associating information
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true
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phineas gage
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in work accident a metal rod shot up through his skull destroying his eye and part of his frontal lobe.
damage to the frontal lobe hurt his abilities to inhibit emotions and impulses
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plasticity
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the brain is adaptable; does not repair but can restore some functions
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split-brain studies cut the ____?
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corpus callosum
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lateralization
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going to one side
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going to one side
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thoughs and logic
words and language
pieces and details
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right hemisphere
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feeling and intuition
language tone, inflection, conttext,
wholes, including the self
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PSYC 1000: TEST 2