PSYC 1000: Final Exam
78 Cards in this Set
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Psychodynamic
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how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Behaviorist
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how we learn from observable responses
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Ivan Pavlov and John Watson
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(Little Albert) classical conditioning; stimulus-response
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B.F. Skinner
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operant conditioning
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Cognitive
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study of brain activity linked with cognition, including perception, thinking, memory and language
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Humanistic
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significant perspective that emphasizes growth potential of healthy people
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Naturalistic Observation
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observing and recording behavior in natural habitat, not manipulating anything
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Case study
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one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principle
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Experimental group
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group exposed to treatment
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Control group
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group not exposed to treatment
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Independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated (variable's effect being studied)
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Dependent variable
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outcome factor; variable changed in response to manipulation of independent variable
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Limbic system controls...
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emotions, instincts, memories
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Cerebellum controls...
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balance and coordination
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Thalamus is...
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relay station for information
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Hypothalamus 4 F's
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feeding, fight or flight and sexual motivation
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Cell body
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receives messages from dendrites and controls nucleus
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Dendrite
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branch-like fibers that receive messages from other neurons
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Axon
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sends messages away to next nerve cell
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Synapse
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space between axon and dendrites
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Endorphins
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elevate mood, erases pain
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Dopamine
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movement
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Reuptake
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when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by synapse
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Frontal lobe
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executive functioning, emotions, conciousness
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Parietal lobe
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spatial processing, somatosensory, strip-part of parietal lobe, sensation of touch
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Occipital lobe
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vision
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Temporal lobe
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hearing (midbrain), sensory processing (thalamus), four F's (hypothalamus), learning and memory (hippocampus) emotion and memory (amygdala), motor control (basal ganglia), hearing
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Broca's Aphasia
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could sing and shout but could not speak, had damage to left hemisphere (Broca's region)
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Right hemisphere
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creativity, rhythm, pictures, faces
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Left hemisphere
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logical, rational, reason, words
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Insomnia
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most common, people have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
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Narcolepsy
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alert and awake to cycling down into REM sleep uncontrollably
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Somnambulism
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sleep walking
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Night terrors
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don't typically remember episodes; nightmares but magnified
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Sleep apnea
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people stop breathing during course of sleep, obesity or alcoholism
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Preconventional
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obeying authority, gaining rewards and avoiding punishment
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Conventional
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moral decisions include internalized values and bases on society's values (fitting in, doing what is "best" for society), usually highest stage
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Kohlberg's Moral Development: Post-conventional
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moral decisions based on reflection of one's own justice, relativism
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Piaget- Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor
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birth-2 years; develop object awareness/permanence, little capacity for symbolic representation
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Piaget- Cognitive Development: Preoperational
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2-7 years; problems with reasoning (glass of water), egocentrism- can only understand their own view points
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Piaget- Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational
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7-11 years; develop ability for logical reasoning, problems of preop. stage disappear
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Piaget- Cognitive Development: Formal Operational
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12 and up; able to engage in abstract thinking, hypothesizing and philosophical thinking
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Permissive
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no consequences for behavior, allow inappropriate decision-making, give too much materially, cannot deal with child's anger at them
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Authoritarian
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overly harsh punishment, rigid environment, strict rules without input from child
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Authoritative
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reasonable expectations and standards, able to apologize and admit wrong doing when appropriate
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Human egg contains
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X chromosome
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Human sperm contains
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Y chromosome
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Gender role
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society's expectation
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Gender typing
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men are aggressive, women are emotional
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Social learning theory
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gender differences exist because boys and girls are treated differently from birth
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Traditional approach (top-down processing)
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perception constructed by cognition
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Direct approach (bottom-up processing)
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perception directs cognition
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Type A personality
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ambitious, time conscious, stressed, workaholics
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Type B personality
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relaxed, less competitive, slow to anger
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Psychodynamic Theory- Freud
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personality is triggered by our unconscious: a force within us of which we are not aware
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Unconscious contains:
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all that has happened to us, all inherited materials, deep urges and passions, unresolved issues from childhood
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ID
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deepest level of our personality (sexual and aggressive urges), pleasure principle
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Ego
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balances ID impulses with reality of society, tries to satisfy ID without upsetting superego
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Superego
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represents rights and wrongs as taught by significant people, develops during phallic stage of development (Freud says boys have stronger superego)
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What are the defense mechanisms?
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denial, repression, projection, rationalization, regression, reaction-formation, displacement, sublimation
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Denial
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denying some reality
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Repression
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push pain into unconscious
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Projection
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when we blame someone else for what we are really guilty of
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Rationalization
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when we make excuses or try to justify things
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Regression
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psychologically retreat to earlier, happier time in life
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Reaction-formation
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taking some unacceptable urge, impulse or desire and turning it into it's opposite
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Displacement
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taking out urges or desires on someone/thing that isn't the cause of urge
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Sublimation
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when we take some unacceptable urge, impulse or desire and we channel it into something that is acceptable
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The "Big 5" (OCEAN)
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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Informational influence
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conforming because you think group has right beliefs/ideas
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Normative influence
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influenced by wanting to fit it with peers
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Foot-in-the-door
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start off with a really appealing offer, then tack on additional prices
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Door-in-the-face
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start off with really expensive or demanding request, then decrease expense or demand
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What was outcome of Milgram's "following orders" study?
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people really obey authority figures, we feel compelled to do what they ask
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Bystander effect
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the more people that are around the less likely anyone individual is to help
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What were the effects of role playing in Zimbardo's prison study?
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long term incarceration can be damaging to roles
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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we don't like to feel like hypocrites; we like to believe that our attitudes and behaviors co-exist; creates uncomfortable feeling when you have belief or value and don't live up to it, either change behavior or value
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Self-perception theory
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when internal cues are weak or difficult to interpret, people infer what they think/feel based on how they behave and the situation
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PSYC 1000: TEST 2