PSYC 1000: Exam 2
115 Cards in this Set
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motivation
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the force that moves people to behave, think and feel as they do.
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instinct
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unlearned pattern of behavior that is in every species.
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evolutionary approach
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a theoretical approach to motivation that focuses on past evolutionary behaviors.
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drive reduction theory
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a theoretical approach that explains that as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it.
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optimum arousal theory
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a theoretical approach to motivation that focuses on people's alert and engaged feelings.
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drive
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aroused state that occurs from any need.
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need
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a deprivation that energizes drive to reduce or eliminate that deprivation.
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homeostasis
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the goal of drive reduction; it keeps the body balanced at equilibrium.
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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a law that states that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal, rather than low or high arousal.
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low arousal
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too lethargic to perform tasks well.
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high arousal
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not able to concentrate.
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set point
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weight is maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight. In addition, this is associated with obesity.
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adipose cells
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where fat is stored.
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estrogen
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sex hormones found in females that are produced in the ovaries.
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androgens
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sex hormones found in makes that are produced by the testes. In addition, these are produced by the male and female adrenal glands.
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human sexual response pattern
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a sequence of physiological changes humans experience during sex and consists of 4 phases.
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excitement phase
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the first phase. It begins the process of erotic responsiveness.
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plateau phase
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the second phase. It continues and heightens the arousal from the excitement phase.
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orgasm
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the third phase. It involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling.
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resolution phase
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the fourth and final phase. It returns blood vessels to a normal state and males cannot have another orgasm.
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culture
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something that has a strong influence on sexuality.
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sex education in theory
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different opinions on how to achieve goals of sexual education.
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abstinence-only approach
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emphasizes that sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful to individuals at any age. In addition, this has become more common in the US.
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comprehensive sex education
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an option that provides comprehensive knowledge about sex, birth control and the use of condoms. Furthermore, it encourages delaying sex and practicing abstinence.
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sexual orientation
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the direction of an individual's erotic interests.
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genetic, hormonal, cognitive and environmental
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the factors of a person's sexual orientation.
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Abraham Maslow
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the theorist who proposed the hierarchy of needs.
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hierarchy of needs
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needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem and self-actualization.
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self-actualization
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motivation to develop full potential.
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self-determination theory
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asserts three basic and unlearned needs (competence, relatedness and autonomy).
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competence
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a need that is met when people have desired outcomes. In addition, it involves self-efficacy (belief of accomplishment) and mastery (gained skills from obstacles).
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relatedness
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a need to engage in relations with other people.
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autonomy
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a need that senses that we are in control of our life.
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cross-cultural evidence
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suggests needs are emphasized by self-actual imagine theory are likely valued in Eastern and Western cultures.
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intrinsic motivation
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based internally and has more positive outcomes.
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extrinsic motivation
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external incentives that could diminish intrinsic motivation.
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self-regulation
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an organism controls behavior to pursue important objectives.
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getting feedback
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the key aspect of self-regulation.
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SCL response
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a rise in the skin's electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases.
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James-Lange theory
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emotion results from physiological stated triggered by stimuli in the environment.
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Cannon-Bard theory
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proposes that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
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behavior component
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something that can be verbal or nonverbal.
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facial feedback hypothesis
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facial expressions that can influence emotion as well as reflect them. The facial muscles send signals to the brain to help recognize and experience emotion.
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display rules
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sociocultural standards determining when, where and how emotions should be expressed.
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negative emotions
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emotions that carry direct and immediate adaptive benefits for survival.
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positive emotions
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emotions that do not signal any problems.
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broaden-and-build model
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the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on our attention and our ability to build resources.
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resilience
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an adaptive function of emotion that is associated with the capacity or ability to bounce back from difficult times or experiences.
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50-80%
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the percentile range for a heritability estimate in happiness.
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hedonic treadmill
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an aspect of life that enhances positive feelings is likely to do so for a short time.
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social psychology
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study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others. In addition, it examines topics in psychology in a social context.
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social cognition
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explores how people select, interpret, remember and use social information (person perception, attribution, the self as an object and attitudes).
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person perception
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processes by which social stimuli, such as faces, are used to form impressions of others (e.g. physical attractiveness and first impressions).
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attribution theory
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people are motivated to discover causes of behavior to make sense of it.
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actor
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produces behavior and provides external causes of behavior.
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observer
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offers explanation of the actor's behavior and explains the internal causes.
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fundamental attribution error
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committed by observers explaining actor's behavior. It also overestimates internal traits and underestimates external traits.
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heuristics
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cognitive shortcuts that allow rapid decision-making but can lead to mistakes.
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false consensus effect
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overestimation of what everyone else thinks or does.
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self-esteem
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positive or negative evaluation of self.
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positive illusions
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positive views of self not necessarily rooted in reality.
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self-serving bias
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tendency to take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures.
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stereotype threat
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fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative experience.
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social comparison
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process of evaluating thoughts, feelings, behaviors and abilities in relation to similar others.
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attitudes
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opinions and beliefs about people, objects, ideas.
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cognitive dissonance theory
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discomfort caused by inconsistent thoughts can be reduced by behavior to fit attitude and attitude to fit behavior.
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effort justification
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rationalizing the amount of effort put into something.
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self-perception theory
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inferences about attitudes by perceiving behavior.
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persuasion
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trying to change someone's attitude with elements such as source, medium, target and message.
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elaboration likelihood model
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a model that goes in a central route in engaging someone with a sound, logical argument and a peripheral route that involves non-message factors that is effective when people are not paying attention.
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altruism
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unselfish interest in helping another person.
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egoism
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giving another to gain self-esteem, present their self in a particular way, or to avoid social censure.
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reciprocity
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acting kindly toward others because they might do the same for us someday.
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empathy
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feeling of oneness with an emotional state of another. In addition, this can move people into action.
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bystander effect
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tendency for observer of emergency to help less when others are present due to lack or responsibility and looking for the behavior of others.
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evolutionary views
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unlearned aggressive responses.
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genetic basis
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proactive physical aggression in humans.
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conformity
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change in behavior to coincide with the group standard. It is also dependent on confidence and how well-informed people are.
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Asch experiment
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an experiment where participants were conformed to incorrect answers 35% of the time.
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normative social influence
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when we want to be liked.
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collectivist cultures
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culture that has been associated with the greatest levels of conformity.
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cultural norms
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provide clues about how groups of human beings have managed to adapt to life.
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obedience
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behavior that complies with explicit standards.
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Milgram experiment
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an experiment that used electric shock and the majority obeyed the experimenter.
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explicit racism
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conscious and openly shared attitude.
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implicit racism
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attitude on a deeper, hidden level.
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prejudice factors
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competition between groups, scarcity of resources, cultural learning, low self-esteem an limits information-processing abilities.
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health psychology
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focuses on health and preventing and treating illnesses. It also focuses on behavioral and cognitive factors.
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behavioral medicine
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a field focuses on behavioral and biomedical knowledge, promotes health and reduces illnesses.
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biopsychosocial model
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a model that shows connections between the diverse aspects of the mind and body.
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health behaviors
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practices that have an impact on physical well-being.
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theory of reasoned action
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a theoretical model of change that requires people to have specific intentions and positive attitudes about their behaviors.
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theory of planned behavior
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a theoretical model of change that adds a person's perceptions of control over outcome.
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precontemplation
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the first stage of the change model; individuals are not thinking about changing.
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contemplation
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the second stage of the change model; individuals realize the problem but are not ready to change.
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preparation/determination
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the third stage of the change model; individuals take action.
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action/willpower
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the fourth stage of the change model; individuals commit to making change and enact a plan.
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maintenance
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the fifth and final stage of the change model; individuals avoid temptations and maintain their healthy behaviors.
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relapse
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the biggest challenge in the maintenance phase; individuals return to former unhealthy habits and this can be discouraging.
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effective life change
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resources include motivation, social relationships, religious faith and personality characteristics.
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self-efficacy
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influences development of healthy habits, persistence in face of obstacles, and experience stress.
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optimism
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associated with taking proactive steps to protect one's health.
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stress
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the response to stressors and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities. In addition, this lowers the deficiency of the immune system.
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psychoneurimmunology
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explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system.
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chronic emotional stress
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stress that is associated with high blood pressure, heart disease and early death.
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Type A
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a behavior pattern where people are excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient and hostile.
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Type B
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a behavior pattern where people are relaxed and easy-going.
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Type D
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a behavior pattern where people are distressed, frequently experience negative emotions and are socially inhibited.
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cognitive appraisal
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refers to perception of events in determining stress.
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primary appraisal
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individuals interpret harmful or threat full events.
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secondary appraisal
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individuals evaluate resources and their effectiveness.
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problem-focused coping
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cognitive strategy of squarely facing troubles and trying to solve them (works best long-term).
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emotion-focused coping
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responding to stress with emotional reactions.
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denial
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the main mechanism for navigating overwhelming feelings.
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hardiness
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characterized by the sense of commitment, control and facing problems as challenges.
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PSYC 1000: TEST 2