58 Cards in this Set
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psychological disorder
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deviant distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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medical model
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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, teated, and, in most cases, cured, often though treatment in a hospital
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DSM-IV-TR
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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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anxiety disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a statee of automatic nervous system arousal
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening
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phobia
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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetivie thoughts and actions
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
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post-traumatic growth
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positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
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somatoform disorder
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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
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conversion disorder
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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
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hypochondriasis
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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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dissociative disorders
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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
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mood disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
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major depressive disorder
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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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mania
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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
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bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
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schizophrenia
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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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delusions
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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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personality disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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ecletic approach
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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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psychotherapy
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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
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psychoanalysis
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sigmund freud's therapeutic techniwue. freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-- and the therapist's interpretations of them-- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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interpretation
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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
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transference
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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
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psychodynamic therapy
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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
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insight therapies
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a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
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client-centered therapy
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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
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active listening
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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
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unconditional positive regard
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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance
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behavior therapy
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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counterconditioning
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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
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exposure therapies
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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
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systematic desensitization
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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. commonly used to treat phobias
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virtual reality exposure therapy
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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
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aversive conditioning
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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
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token economy
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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
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cognitive therapy
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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy
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family therapy
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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
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regression toward the mean
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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
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meta-analysis
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a procedure for statistically combing the results of many different research studies
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evidence-based practice
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clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
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biomedical therapy
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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
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psychopharmacology
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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
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antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
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tardive dyskinesia
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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
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antianxiety drugs
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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
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antidepressant drugs
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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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lobotomy
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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
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