Psychology Exam 3CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITYPersonality: an individual’s characteristic pattern of emotions.Freud:Model of the Mind:- Conscious mind: executive mediator (ego)- Preconscious (outside awareness but accessible): internalized ideals (superego)- Unconscious mind: unconscious psychic energy (id)Personality Structure:- id: unconscious psychic energy constantly strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and address. Operates on the pleasure principle.- Ego: as it develops, the young child responds to the real world. Operates on the reality principle.- Superego: this forces the ego to consider how we should behave (ideal)Psychosexual stages: - Each has erogenous zone: erotic focus- Fixations occur if challenges meant to shape personality are not resolved.1. Oral: (0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing.2. Anal: (18-36 Months) pleasure focus on the bowel & bladder elimination: coping with demands for control.3. Phallic: (3-6 years) pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.4. Latency: (6-puberty) Dormant sexual feelings.5. Genital: (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests.Defense mechanisms: - Repression: anxiety evoking thoughts are pushed into unconscious.- Regression: revert to more mature pattern of behavior when faced with anxiety.- Projection: dealing with unacceptable feelings or wished by accusing others of them.- Reaction-formation: unconsciously being against unacceptable impulses.- Rationalization: creating self-justifying explanations in place of the real.- Displacement: shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening person.Projective tests:- TAT (Thematic Apperception Test): interpret picture of a situation with people.- Rorschach inkblot test: interpret what inkblot sheet looks like.Roger’s:- Humanistic perspective: people are assumed to have a natural tendency toward growth & the realization of their fullest potential.- Self-actualization: the process of fulfilling our potential.- Self-concept: all our thoughts and feelings about our self, in answer to, “Who am I?”o Congruence: Self-image is similar to ideal self. More of an overlap. Self-actualization is possible.o Incongruence: self-image is different to the ideal self. Self-actualization will be difficult.Trait perspective: An individual’s unique constellation of ______ dispositions and ___________ ways of behaving (_______) constitutes his or her personality.The Big 5 Factors:OpennessConscientiousnessExtraversionAgreeablenessNeuroticismAccessing traits:- Personality inventories: longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors to access several traits at once.- MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory): most widely researched and clinically used; used to diagnose psychological disorders.The Social Cognitive Perspective: • Influence of learning on personality.• Personality results from interaction between person (traits, thinking) and social contextReciprocal determinism: internal, environmental, and behavioral variables interact to influence personality.• Personal: extent to which people perceive they control environment or environment controls them. • People with an internal locus of control – perceive they control their own fate• People with an external locus of control – Perceive chance or outside forces beyond their control determine their fateCHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSJudging whether behavior is psychologically disordered:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):Diagnostic labeling effects: - Label may make difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs.- Can become self-fulfilling prophecies.- Can attach social stigma to people.Understanding psychological disorders:• Medical Model: psychological disorders viewed as medical diseases with a biological origin. Treated like medical disease with drug therapy.• Biophysical Perspective: o Biological influences: evolution, individual genes, brain structure, and chemistry.o Psychological influences: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions & memories.o Socio-cultural influences: roles, expectations, definitions of normality & disorder.Generalized Anxiety Disorder: chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more. (free floating anxiety, interferes with functioning, physical symptoms)Phobic Disorder: persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation or activity that possesses little or no real danger.Panic Disorder: panic attacksObsessive-compulsive: recurrent obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and/or compulsions (urges to engage in senseless rituals)PTS: flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma.Somatoform disorders: Hypochondriasis: think normal physical sensations are disease.Conversion: person experiences very specific physical symptoms for which psychological bias can not be found.Dissociative Identity Disorder: person has 2 or more distinct personalities.Mood Disorders:Major depressive: great sadness, despair, hopelessness, and loss of ability to experience pleasure. 2+ weeks.Bipolar: go from manic to depressive symptoms with normal periods in between.Schizophrenia: - disorganized and delusional thinking- disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)- inappropriate emotions and actions- Positive symptoms: abnormal behaviors present (hallucinations, delusions)- Negative symptoms: loss of deficiency in thoughts & behaviors that are characteristics of normal functioning. (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)CHAPTER 14: Psychotherapy: involved emotional charged, confiding interaction between the trained therapist & person with psychological disorder.Biomedical Therapy: uses drugs or other procedures that act on one’s nervous system to treat the disorder.Eclectic approach=various techniquesFreud:Psychoanalysis: attempts to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to cause person’s current problems- Goal: bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where person can deal with them.- Methods:o Free Association: explores unconscious by having people reveal whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind.o Dream Analysis: sometimes dreams symbolize repressed emotions. Latent Content: hidden, symbolic meaning. Manifest content: surface, visible content.- Principles:o Resistance: unconsciously motivated attempt to halt therapy. (reflectsanxiety when unconscious conflicts exposed)o