PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2DiagnosisSome DSM-IV-TR CategoriesPrevalence of Psychological DisordersSlide 6Slide 7Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)Model of Development of GADPanic DisorderCognitive-behavioral Theory of Panic DisorderPhobiasSome Unusual PhobiasAgoraphobiaSocial PhobiasDevelopment of PhobiasPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Mood DisordersMajor DepressionSymptoms of Major DepressionSlide 22Seasonal Affective DisorderDysthymic DisorderPrevalence and Course of Major DepressionBipolar DisordersCyclothymic DisorderPrevalence and CourseExplaining Mood DisordersEating DisordersTwo Main TypesCauses of Eating DisordersPersonality DisordersParanoid Personality DisorderSlide 35Antisocial Personality DisorderBorderline personality disorderDissociative DisordersDissociative AmnesiaSlide 40Dissociative FugueSlide 42Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)Dissociative Identity DisorderSlide 45Causes of Dissociative Disorders?The DID ControversyWhat is Schizophrenia?Symptoms of SchizophreniaSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Subtypes of SchizophreniaSchizophrenia and GeneticsThe Dopamine TheoryBiological Bases of SchizophreniaOther Biological FactorsFamily Influences on SchizophreniaSummary of SchizophreniaUnderstanding SuicideHelping to Prevent SuicidePsychological Disorders• Psychopathology—scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders•Psychological or mental disorder —A pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life, or bothDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)—describes specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for psychological disorders.•Provides a common language to label mental disorders.• comprehensive guidelines to help diagnose mental disorders.DiagnosisSome DSM-IV-TR CategoriesCategory Features ExamplesInfancy,Childhood, or adolescentSymptoms usually diagnosed in childhoodAutistic Disorder Tourette’s DisorderSubstance-related Effects of seeking or using drugsSubstance abuseEating disorders Disturbances in body image, eatingAnorexia nervosaBulimia nervosaImpulse-control disordersInability to resist actions that may be harmfulKleptomania, pyromania•Approximately 50 % of adults experienced symptoms at least once in their lives (Kessler research).•Approximately 80 % who experienced symptoms in the last year did not seek treatment.•Most people seem to deal with symptoms complete debilitation.•Women have a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety.•Men have a higher prevalence of substance abuse and antisoial personality disorder.Prevalence of Psychological DisordersAnxiety Disorders• Primary disturbance is distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety• Anxiety—diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehension•More or less constant worry about many issues•The worry seriously interferes with functioning•Physical symptoms•headaches•Stomach aches•Musce tension•irritabilityGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)•GAD has some genetic component•Related genetically to major depression•Childhood trauma also related to GADModel of Development of GADGenetic predispositionor childhood traumaGAD following life change or major eventHypervigilance•Panic attacks—sudden episode of helpless terror with high physiological arousal•Very frightening—sufferers live in fear of having them•Agoraphobia often develops as a resultPanic Disorder•Sufferers tend to misinterpret the physical signs of arousal as catastrophic and dangerous.•This interpretation leads to further physical arousal, tending toward a vicious cycle.•After the attack the person is very apprehensive of another attack.Cognitive-behavioral Theory of Panic Disorder•Intense, irrational fears that may focus on:•Natural environment—heights, water, lightening•Situation—flying, tunnels, crowds, social gathering•Injury—needles, blood, dentist, doctor•Animals or insects—insects, snakes, bats, dogsPhobias•Anemophobia: fear of wind•Aphephobia: fear of being touched by another person•Catotrophobia: fear of breaking a mirror•Gamophobia: fear of marriage•Phonophobia: fear of the sound of your own voiceSome Unusual Phobias•Fear of panic attacks in public places•Avoid situations that might provoke a panic attack or where there may be no escape or help if a panic attack were to come.•Not everyone with panic disorder develops agoraphobia.AgoraphobiaSocial Phobias•Social phobias—fear of social situations. Also called social anxiety disorder. Stems from irrational fear of being embarrassed or judged by others in public–public speaking (stage fright)–fear of crowds, strangers–meeting new people–eating in public•Considered phobic if these fears interfere with normal behavior•More prevalent among women than menClassical conditioning model•problems: •often no memory of a traumatic experience•traumatic experience may not produce phobiaPreparedness theory—phobia serves to enhance survivalDevelopment of Phobias•Follows events that produce intense horror or helplessness (traumatic episodes)•Core symptoms include:•Frequent recollection of traumatic event, often intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts•Avoidance of situations that trigger recall of the event•Increased physical arousal associated with stressPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)•Obsessions—irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousness•Compulsions—repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions•Often accompanied by an irrational belief that failure to perform ritual action will lead to catastrophe•Checking and washing most common compulsions•Deficiency in serotonin implicated and heightened neural activity in caudate nucleusObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)•A category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood is the predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.•Major depression•Dysthymic disorder•Bipolar disorder•Cyclothymic disorderMood Disorders•A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessnessMajor Depression–Prolonged, very severe symptoms–Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks–Global negativity and