Climate Change Study Guide5.) Residence time depends on exchange rate and mass7.) Form of energy exchange24.) Water = 10 days, Carbon Dioxide = 400 years25.) Water Vapor Feedback: the more water vapor the hotter the surface, the hotter the surface the more water vapor the air can hold; water vapor feedback amplifies any warming or cooling induced by other causes. Venus had a runaway greenhouse effect due to water vapor feedback (the baseline temperature was so high the oceansnearly evaporated)26.) The oceans play a central role in heat storage and transport around the globe. Atmospheric water vapor produces rainfall, and acts as the most important greenhouse gas. Through the formation of clouds, water vapor also leads to the reflection of sunlight back into space. 27.) The balance between the cooling and warming actions of clouds is very close although, overall, averaging the effects of all the clouds around the globe, cooling predominates. The earth’s climate system constantly adjusts to maintain balance between the energy that reaches earth from the sun and the energy that goes from earth back out to space; this is referred to earth’s radiation budget. Also depends onalbedo, which is the fraction of solar energy that is reflected back to space. Because a cloud usually has a higher albedo than the surface beneath it, the cloud reflects more shortwave radiation back to space than the surface would in the absence of thecloud, thus leaving less solar energy available to heat the surface and atmosphere. Different cloud types affect the radiation budget differently, depending on their shortwave (albedo) vs. longwave (greenhouse) effect. Shortwave cooling: reflectivity of ice and liquid water clouds, longwave warming: traps outgoing Earthlight; depends which when and where. 28.) Differences in air pressure (called a pressure gradient) lead to air motion.Air "parcels" will try to move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Inaddition, colder temperatures near the poles generally are associated with higher pressures than warmer temperatures near the equator. Thus, unequal solar heating of the earth directly causes large-scale winds, called the jet stream.Buoyancy, coriolis force, friction, pressure differences29.) The atmosphere moves to compensate for imbalances in radiant energy.30/31.) The Coriolis effect is an artifact of the earth’s rotation and has four fundamental properties: apparent deflection at right angels with motion, effect iszero at the equator, increases in proportion to the object’s speed, and changes only the direction of motion, not the speed. Once air has been set in motion by the pressure gradient force, it undergoes an apparent deflection from its path, as seen by an observer on the earth. This apparent deflection is called the "Coriolis force" and is a result of the earth's rotation. As air moves from high to low pressure in the northern hemisphere, it is deflected to the right by the Coriolis force. In the southern hemisphere, air moving from high to low pressure is deflected to the left bythe Coriolis force. The amount of deflection the air makes is directly related to both the speed at which the air is moving and its latitude. Therefore, slowly blowing winds will be deflected only a small amount, while stronger winds will be deflected more. Likewise, winds blowing closer to the poles will be deflected more than winds at the same speed closer to the equator. The Coriolis force is zero right at the equator.32/33/34.) The Hadley Cell is the name of the atmospheric circulation cell between the equator and 30 degrees north/south. Heating in the tropics, near the surface drives convection, which drives low pressures near the equator, which drives convergence . Air rises poleward until it loses enough heat and momentum, and then sinks (subsidence). Poleward transport of moist static energy occurs mainly through the Hadley circulation in the tropics, and by midlatitude cyclones (weather systems) at higher latitudes. Compared to atmospheric circulation, the oceans are important to transport heat to the tropics and the atmosphere is more efficient in moving heat in the high latitudes (40 degrees)35.) winds, density differences36.) northern hemisphere wind blowing north goes east 90 degrees 37.) temperature and salinity, circulation induced by density differences caused by…38.) high latitudes, north atlantic, south pole39.) it would get very cold near north atlantic40.) storage and release of heat, transport41.) winds blowing off the ocean (moisture from ocean) and in Europe wind comes from southwest instead of north (atmospheric heat