LECTURE 2• Scientific method steps.• what makes valid hypothesis- logical, simple, testable, falsifiable, consistent with other data.• Parsimony, occam’s razor.•HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY- The great chain of being, humans on top. Scala naturae- Fixity of species- species don’t change because of God. Perfect.• PRE-EVOLUTION scientists- Ussher- counted people in the bible to date earth.- Renniassance makes natural history popular- John Ray- first to use genus and species- Linneaus- binomial nomenclature for classification- Leclerk de buffon- Erasmus Darwin- early supporter of evolution and change in species but didn’t know mechanism• EVOLUTIONARY SCIENTISTS- Lamarck- first who tried to explain mechanism of evolution- inheritance of acquired characteristics- Cuvier- theory of catastrophism- Charles Lyell- published principles of geology LINK TO DARWIN- Malthus- LINK TO DARWIN- Darwin- had lyell’s book, HMS beagle, 13 types Finches on Galapagos- Difference between natural/ artificial selection- Alfred Russel Wallace.• GENETICS- Mendell- Genes/ Alleles- Dominant vs. Recessive alleles.- Mendellian traits- only controlled by one locus.LECTURE 3• Genetics- Prokaryote vs. Eucaryotes- Gametes vs. Somatic cells- 2 main functions of DNA- Replication, protein synthesis- Dna vs. RNA- RNA has Us instead of Ts.- Replication steps- Protein synthesis- know how/where 3 steps: transcription in nucleus, translation in ribosomes, - Exons- coded genes- Introns- non-coded genes.- Chromosome structure- Human karyotype. 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, somatic- diploid, Gametes- haploid.- Recombination happens in meiosis.- Human genome- entire genetic makeup of human species- Mitochondrial genome slide*****LECTURE 4• Evolution is 2 steps- ***production of variation- ***natural selection- 4 forces mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, recombination--- create variation- mutation is the only force that creates novel variation- POINT MUTATION SLIDE- Sickle cell is a point mutation- Insertion/deletion mutation – huntington’s disease*- X linked disorders- women are carriers, men usually express: colorblindness, hemophilia• Gene flow- transfer of genes between populations• Genetic drift- • founder effect- tay sachs**• RECOMBINATION- part of meiosis- chromosomes cross over, produce variation.• Conditions necessary for natural selection slideeeee• stasis- no change • 3 types of natural selection*** know examples and graphs- Directional- whole graph shifts forward or backward.- Stabilizing- Grows and gets thinner in middle. Frequency of average gets higher- Disruptive- frequency of middle goes down. (camel graph)• Sickle cell- balancing selection- Genetic polymorphism-- frequency dependent balanced polymorphism-• Fitness- producing reproductively viable offspring.• selective pressures-• Adaptations-LECTURE 5Linnean hierarchy*** know it•Phylogeny- evolutionary history of life•Characters- •synapomorphies are the only useful character type- shared/derivedknow analogies- convergent evolution• homoplasy- bats and birds have wings• know 4 types of characters• Cladistics- depends on synapomorphies. Shared/derived.•SPECIATION-- definition of species-- other way of defining species (species concepts)- 4 types of Reproductive isolation- Types of speciation***- Tempo of speciation****- Adaptive radiation- lemur example-LECTURE 7• Sexual selection-- intrasexual- intersexual• bateman’s principle• 4 evolutionary models of mate choice- Direct benefits- Sensory exploitation- Good genes- Hamilton-zuk hypothesis and Zahavi hypothesis• Runaway sexual selection• Sensory bias and mate
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