BIO 326R 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 28)Earth History- the 6 main events and their approximate dateo also know how we know these dates (i.e. metorites formed the Earth about 4.6 bya, as made evident by isotope ratios)History of Microbiology- read more from blackboard infosheeto discovery of microorganisms and the microcope- in 55 BC someone though that microbes made you sick- Leuwenhoek- Pasteuro Swan Necked Flasko Spontaneous generation- Redi Lecture 2 (August 30) Phylogenetic Tree- 3 Domains of Lifeo Bacteria, archae, eukaryotes (see Bb slide for more info)o Know that not all eukaryotes are multicellular (ex: fungi)- Bacteria Compositiono Know average size, volume, protein composition, shape (cocci, bacilli, and spiral),surface area and its effects, and doubling time- Bacteria Structureo Know composition of cytoplasm: cytosol, ribosomes, nucleoid, ionso Viscosityo Cell membrane: phospholipis membrane, protein composition, membrane components (i.e. things that permeate like glucose, and intrinsic molecules like protein transporters), Van de waals interactions of hydrophobic tails, fluid mosaicmodel, phospholipid structureo Function of membrane Permeability barrier, proton motive source (gradients)o Viscosityo Sterol-like molecules (hopenoids) Control fluidity (know relationship between temperature and fluidity)o Gram negative and gram positive (more on this in next lecture and Bb info sheet)Lecture 3 (September 4)- osmotic pressure and how it is stabilizingBacteria need a cell wall or other protection- gram positive and negativeGram positive- know examples!- Peptidoglycano Sugars (NAG and NAM—know which is a good biomarker)o Peptides (tetrapeptide)o Know how peptidoglycan molecules bind to eachother (covalent between 4 of one tetrapeptide and 3 of another tetrapeptide)o Lysosymeo Know why it is a good antibiotic target Know penicillin as exampleo Peptidoglycan diversityo Porous- Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acidsGram negative- know examples!- outermembraneo Inner and outer leaflet of outermembrane- Outer leaflet of outermembrane—LPSo Know composition of Lipid A, core, and o-antigeno Know conformation for toxicityLecture 4 (September 6)Gram Negative Contd- periplasmo gel-like, diffusion is slower than cytoplasm, oxidizing environment, know protein types and volume make-up- why 2 membraneso decreased permeability, lipoproteins (Braun’s lipoproteins)o how do things get through 2 membranes? PorinsGrowth of Bacterial Cell- know definition of growth media, inoculum, binary fission (method of replication)- measuring growtho absorption (know instrument used), viable counts, direct counting, dry count know problems with each methodLecture 5 (September 9)Growth in a closed system- growth curves (know stages and what each means)- doubling time (defined and complex)o formulas and how to use them- closed system vs continuous culture- persister cells and VBNCEnvironmental Factors on Growth- temperatureo psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles- osmotic pressureo H2O availability and turgor pressure- Atmosphereo Anaerobic, aerobic, facultative anaerobes, microanaerobesLecture 6 (September 11)Metabolism- catabolic vs. anabolic- energy currency (ATP and NADH/NADPHCatabolic Reactions- energy yielding, break things down, oxidative, exergonic- know definition of reduction potential and standard Gibb’s free energyAnabolic Reactions- energy using, build things, reductive, endergonic- building blocks: amino acids to protein, sugars to PG, and nucleotides to DNA- coupled reactionsEnzymes- substrate to enzyme to products- ways to regulateo allosteric and competitive inhibitorsLecture 7 (September 13)Energy Sources in the cell- ATP and transmembrane ion gradients (pmf)Electron sources- oxidative reactions- H atoms carrying a proton and an electron are transferred to coenzymes that can store theH; store the electron—the reductive poise of the cello Know the difference between NAD+ , NADH, NAD(H) Used for energy generation and growth—where the electron is stored when things are broken down and energy is releasedo Know the difference between NADP+, NADPH, NADP(H)o NAD vs NADP Specificity and function- NAD to break things down and NADP to build things Know ratioHow do bacteria make ATP- pmf and substrate level phosphorylation (fermentation)Substrate level phosphorylation- convert ADP to ATP- know the 4 steps is follows- glycolysis (follows the 4 steps twice)o net 2ATP, 2NADP, 2 pyruvateso know the problem with glycolysis- fermentation (know how it works and the problem)o after glycolysis, NADH is dumped back on pyruvate to make lactate- respiration o ~30 ATP per glucoseo Pmf used to generate ATP alond with substrate level phosphorylationLecture 8 (September 16)Fermentation- When is it usedRespiration- when it is used- terminal electron acceptorso oxygen, nitrate, sulfate know which is used by anaerobes and which by aerobes- anaerobic and aerobic growth both use fermentation AND respirationProton motive force- know uses: synthesize ATP, transport, motility, maintain pHo know how the gradient is used to do eacho know how respiration uses pmf to synthesize ATPo know how respiration and fermentation use pmf to transport molecules/do