CS 294-7: Introduction to Packet Radio NetworksPacket Radio NetworksHistorical Perspective: ARPA Packet Radio ProgramComplexity Issues in Packet Radio NetworksPacket Radio Network TopologyIssues in PR Network DesignSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 141CS 294-7: Introduction to Packet Radio NetworksProfessor Randy H. KatzCS DivisionUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720-1776© 19962Packet Radio Networks•Fixed or mobile nodes that communicate via radios–Advantages: »Fast (re)deployment and set-up of network»Ability to support mobile nodes–Disadvantage: complications due to»Communications medium»Dynamic nature of the network topology»Half duplex operation•Single hop vs. multi-hop•Ad-hoc networks vs. fixed networks3Historical Perspective:ARPA Packet Radio Program•Program initiated in 1973–Geographically distributed network–Array of packet radios and minicomputer-based “stations”–Deployed in SF Bay Area in 1975–Experimental packet radio (EPR)»100, 400 kbps (128/32 chips per bit respectively)»Use lower data rate in worse multipath environments»Operates in half duplex mode–Upgraded packet radio (UPR)»Bit-by-bit PN variability in the waveform»Agile spreading factors to improve LPI/LPJ»Implemented FEC rather than ARQ–Low cost packet radio (LPR)»Cost reduced version of UPR (1986)4Complexity Issues in Packet Radio NetworksHighly DynamicNetworkRequires rapidresponse totopology changesMany updatesgenerated bytypical routingalgorithmsRequires multiplealgorithms atdifferent timescalesInterest inefficiencyUse of multiplerouting algorithmsRelatively scarceradio spectrumRelatively lowbandwidthShared ChannelAccess to“overheard”informationControl overtransmissionparametersUse of integrated algorithms which can be complex and may violate layering5Packet Radio Network TopologyA B CD E FL M NH I JGKe.g., E can hear transmissions from A, B, D, F, J, HLinks need not be bidirectional!6Issues in PR Network Design•Physical/Link Layer–Physical Connectivity»Depends on RF propagation charactistics•Frequency choice•Distance between nodes (LOS vs. OTH)•Antenna height and directionality•Terrain type•Xmit power•Interference–Bandwidth-Time-Space Management»Frequency, time, code, & spatial reuse of bandwidth resources–Channel Access (Narrowband Systems)»Random Access (e.g., Aloha, CSMA schemes)»Reserved Access (e.g., Reservation, Demand Assignment Schemes)7Issues in PR Network Design•Physical/Link Layer (cont.)–Channel Access (Spread Spectrum Systems)»Code division schemes•Common preamble for all transmitters AKA broadcast reception (space-homogeneous preamble code assignment)•Receiver-directed preamble code assignment directed towards a specific receiver•Similar choices for data portion of packet--once a receiver is locked on to a packet, other overlapping packets do not interfere with correct reception•Bit-by-bit code changing--reduces probability of intereference•Transmitter directed code assignment--preamble contains information on spreading waveform to be used to encode the data»Aloha random access versus CSMA schemes with this level of code division schemes8Issues in PR Network Design•Data Link Control–ARQ and FEC techniques needed due to variability in the link quality–Especially important with SS systems--possibility of correlated codes is high for at least part of the packet–Hop by hop acks in a multihop route»Explicit short acks•Priority over data packets»Echo/Passive acks•Forwarding on the message is interpreted as an ack to the preceeding sender•Delays introduced (forwarding packet placed at bottom of queue)•Long packets increase probability of interference•Can’t be used in SS systems with received-directed codes9Issues in PR Network Design•Network Management–Link determination and control»Centrally collected and redistributed»OR Locally determined»Use channel measurements: •Signal strength, SNR, BER•Integrate over packets sent across radio-to-radio links•OR simply track packet loss rates per link--delay in discovering loss of link quality?»Balance link parameters (e.g., transmission bandwidth), hop-by-hop FEC/ARQ, end-to-end ARQ»Partitioned networks10Issues in PR Network Design•Network Management (cont)–Routing: choosing routes based on link connectivity»Routing schemes:•Flooding methods--inefficient utilization, but simple and may be best strategy for rapidly changing network topologies•Point-to-Point Routing--sequence of links associated with src-dst pair AKA “connection-oriented” routing•Connectionless--no knowledge of connections, local adaptive behavior to forward packet on “towards” destination. This is a good approach for dynamic networks.»Spreading routing information•Centralized routing server•Distributed routing--each node determines routes on its own;Hop-by-hop decisions or specify full route at source;Exchange routing tables among neighbors•Hierarchical organizations: topology changes more rapidly within clusters than between clusters (centralized “station” within cluster)–Packet forwarding»Localized rerouting to fix broken routes: broadcast a packet to any node that can complete the route11Issues in PR Network Design•Network Management Issues–Congestion and flow control»Virtual circuits and resource reservation with rapidly changing topologies»Rate control of packet forwarding based on local congestion–Mapping between end nodes and packet radios»Must be able to detach and reattach modem to different end nodes12Issues in PR Network Design•Operation and Management–Network Deployment»Coverage and capacity requirements»Rapidity of deployment»Software distribution–Maintenance and Reliability»Fault detection»Redundancy of coverage–Diagnostics and monitoring»Remote/over the air capability13Issues in PR Network Design•Connecting to External World–Gateways»Network vs. gateway-based routing–Network access control»Control typically exercised at the periphery»Complexity when users can attach to the network anywhere within the network–Addressing and naming»Internet addressing versus more efficient subnet addressing–Security»End-to-end encryption»What about headers?14Issues in PR Network Design•Impact on Radio Spectrum–Electromagnetic compatibility–Electronic counter-countermeasures/noise immunity»link-by-link power control to hide the network»route around nodes
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