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Berkeley COMPSCI 294 - A Macroscope in the Redwoods

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1 Introduction2 Motivation3 Related Work4 Design4.1 Hardware and Network Architecture4.2 Software Architecture4.3 Deployment Methodology5 Analysis5.1 Multi-Dimensional Analysis5.2 Range Analysis5.3 Temporal Trends5.4 Spatial Trends5.5 Combined Analysis5.6 Outlier Rejection5.7 Calibration Analysis5.8 Data Yield Analysis6 Discussion6.1 Lessons Learned6.2 Enabling Biological Study7 Conclusion8 Acknowledgements9 ReferencesA Macroscope in the RedwoodsGilman Tolle,Joseph Polastre,Robert Szewczyk, andDavid CullerComputer Science Division,University of California,BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720Neil Turner, Kevin Tu,Stephen Burgess, andTodd DawsonDepartment of IntegrativeBiology, University ofCalifornia, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720Phil Buonadonna,David Gay, and Wei HongIntel Research BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94704ABSTRACTThe wireless sensor network “macroscope” offers the po-tential to advance science by enabling dense temporal andspatial monitoring of large physical volumes. This paperpresents a case study of a wireless sensor network that recorded44 days in the life of a 70-meter tall redwood tree, at adensity of every 5 minutes in time and every 2 meters inspace. Each node measured air temperature, relative humid-ity, and photosynthetically active solar radiation. The net-work captured a detailed picture of the complex spatial vari-ation and temporal dynamics of the microclimate surround-ing a coastal redwood tree. This paper describes the de-ployed network and then employs a multi-dimensional anal-ysis methodology to reveal trends and gradients in this largeand previously-unobtainable dataset. An analysis of systemperformance data is then performed, suggesting lessons forfuture deployments.Categories and Subject DescriptorsC.2.1 [Computer - Communication Networks]: Net-work Architecture and Design—Wireless communication ; C.3[Special-Purpose and Application-Based Systems]: Real-time and embedded systems; J.3 [Life and Medical Sci-ences]: Biology and geneticsGeneral TermsDesign, Experimentation, Measurement, PerformanceKeywordsWireless Sensor Networks, Microclimate Monitoring, Macro-scope, Application AnalysisPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work forpersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies arenot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copiesbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, torepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specificpermission and/or a fee.SenSys’05, November 2–4, 2005, San Diego, California, USA.Copyright 2005 ACM 1-59593-054-X/05/0011 ...$5.00.1. INTRODUCTIONWireless sensor networks offer the potential to dramati-cally advance several scientific fields by providing a new kindof instrument with which to perceive the natural world. Asthe telescope allowed us to perceive what is far away andthe microscope what is very small, some refer to sensor net-works as “macroscopes” [5] because the dense temp oral andspatial monitoring of large volumes that they provide offersa way to perceive complex interactions. As the technologyhas progressed, we have gotten ever closer to obtaining suchmacroscopic views of previously unrecorded phenomena [9,11, 15]. This paper reports on a case study of microclimaticmonitoring of a coastal redwood canopy, a case study thatwe believe has clearly crossed that threshold. Using a largenumber of wireless micro-scale weather stations we have ob-tained an unprecedented picture of environmental dynamicsover such a large organism. Here we describe the study,present an overview of the data that has been obtained, anduse a multidimensional analysis methodology to more deeplyunderstand the dense and w ide-ranging spatiotemporal dataobtained from the macroscope.2. MOTIVATIONIn meeting with a collection of lo cal biologists, we beganwith the question of what would they like to observe thatthey simply cannot measure today. The responses covereda wide array of interests, including the dispersal patterns ofwind-b orne seeds, the water profiles experienced by spawn-ing salmon, insect densities across riparian environments,and the microclimate of meadow and woodland transects.In classifying these desires against the requirements theyplace on the underlying technology and the state of the artin the measurement and analysis techniques, we arrived atan initial choice of studying the ecophysiology of coastalredwood forests.The microclimate over the volume of an entire redwoodtree is known to have substantial variation and to have sub-stantial temporal dynamics. When you walk in the forestit is temperate and moist, despite the wide variation inweather conditions. The top of the tree experiences widevariation in temperature, humidity, and, of course, light,whereas the bottom is typically cool, moist, and shaded.This variation was understood to create non-uniform gra-dients, essentially weather fronts, that move through thestructure of the tree. For example, as the sun rises, the topof the canopy warms quickly. This warm front moves downthe tree over time until the entire structure stabilizes or untilco oling at the canopy surface causes the process to reverse.Humidity fronts also move through the canopy, but the pro-cess is complicated by the tree moving so much water upfrom the soil and into the air. At some point, the observedhumidity is driven by the transpiration process and decou-pled from the prevailing climate conditions. The biologistsworking in this area had substantial experience with sensorsfor measuring the relevant climatic factors and had devisedmetho ds for instrumenting trees using conventional technol-ogy. They would climb the tree to attach a winch near thetop, typically 50m to 70m up, and haul a suite of weathermonitoring instruments up the vertical transect with a verylong serial cable connecting to a battery powered data loggerat the base. With this limited apparatus, they were able tovalidate that there was substantial variation, but they couldnot get a detailed picture of the entire structure over time.This defined our challenge.Together we designed a wireless micro-weather stationbased on the Berkeley Motes manufactured by Crossbow.The requirements and design of the node are de scribed inSection 4.1. We built upon the established system, network-ing, and data access technology provided by TinyOS [7],MintRoute [18], and TinyDB [8]. This provided a flexiblebasis for b oth the ad hoc


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Berkeley COMPSCI 294 - A Macroscope in the Redwoods

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