tocVideo Delivery Technologies for Large-Scale Deployment of MultimKIEN A. HUA, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE , MOUNIR A. TANTAOUI, STUDENT MI. I NTRODUCTIONFig. 1. VOD architecture.II. S ERVER T RANSMISSION S CHEMES U SING M ULTICASTA. Categories of Video ServicesB. Reactive Server Transmission Approach1) Static Multicast Approach: Fig.€2 depicts three static multicFig. 2. FCFS, MQLF, and MFQLF.2) Dynamic Multicast Approach: Unlike the static multicast approFig. 3. Patching.C. Proactive Transmission Approach or Periodic Broadcast1) Server-Oriented Category: Staggered broadcasting [ 21 ] is th2) Client-Oriented Category: The techniques in this category incD. Hybrid Broadcast SchemesE. Other Important Issues1) User Heterogeneity: Multiresolution encoding techniques [ 9 ]2) VCR-Like Interactions: Techniques providing interactive servi3) Video Server Software: With the many designs of periodic broaIII. V IDEO D ELIVERY W ITH ALMFig. 4. Infrastructure based versus P2P. (a) Infrastructure-basA. Infrastructure-Based ApproachB. P2P Approach1) P2P With Prerecorded Video Streaming: Chaining [ 73 ] (descri2) P2P With Live Streaming: Liveness of the video information isFig. 5. Hierarchy and multicast tree in ZIGZAG.3) P2P Streaming Software: There are several commercial P2P streIV. V IDEO P ROXY T ECHNOLOGIESA. Stand-Alone Proxy Caching1) Cache Allocation Policy: Cache allocation policy determines wa) With reactive transmission schemes: Prefix caching retains beb) With periodic broadcast schemes: Caching the beginning frames2) Cache Replacement Policy: Cache replacement policy determinesB. Collaborative Proxy CachingC. Video Proxy SoftwareV. C ONCLUSIONAbacast, Inc. [Online] . Available: http://www.abacast.com/E. L. Abram-Profeta and K. G. Shin, Scheduling video programs inS. Acharya and B. C. Smith, MiddleMan: A video caching proxy serC. C. Aggarwal, J. L. Wolf, and P. S. Yu, On optimal batching poAllcast [Online] . Available: http://www.allcast.comK. C. Almeroth and M. 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