Aquaculture 1. The Cultivation of Aquatic Animals. 2. Compared with Agriculture a). Both Husbandry of Food Animals b). Land vs. Water c). Origin China 2,500 BC Annual River Floods Recede - Leaving Carp Behind Fed Nymphs and Silkworm Feces 3. Freshwater and Marine WatersAquaculture Requirements 1. Source of Young to Raise 2. Appropriate Feed - Nutrients & Amounts 3. Protection from Predators Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Invertebrates 4. Protection from Disease Stress & Immune System, Virus, Microbes 5. Protection of Environment Water Quality, Waste Removal, O2 ContentCommercial Aquaculture Requirements 1. Economic Feasibility 2. Closed Life Cycle 3. Life History Stage Specific Diets 4. Effective and Robust Equipment 5. Year Round Maturation & Availability 6. Disease Resistant 7. Maximize Somatic Growth, 8. Genetically Defined Brood StockAquaculture’s Future 1. Capture Fisheries Maxed Out Past 15 yrs 2. Human Population Continues to Grow India passes 1 billion this summer 3. Aquaculture Food Conversion ratio ~ 1.2 Each pound of fish requires 1.2 lb feed. 4. Growth in Aquaculture is Tremendous China: 6.5% increase per yr since 1998 5. Can Fix Environmental ProblemsAquaculture’s Species 1. Number One Aquacultured Species: Carp 2. Number One Import US: Penaeid Shrimp 3. Aquacultured Freshwater Finfish Tilapia, Catfish, Carp, Trout, Yellow Perch 4. Aquacultured Marine Species Salmon, Grouper, Bream, Striped Bass 5. Other Species Shellfish, Algae, Snails, Sea CucumbersAquacultured Salmon 1. 1970 - Fresh Fish < 10% US Retail Food Outlets 2. 2000 - More than 75% have Fresh Fish 3. Change Driven by Norwegian Farmed Salmon Significant Support from Norway Government 4. 1980 Farmed Salmon < 2%, Now > 65% Total Driven Huge Increase in Salmon Consumption 5. Main Species: Atlantic Salmon - Salmo salar 6. Overwhelmed Alaskan Wild Harvest SalmonAtlantic Salmon - Salmo salarAdvantages of Farmed Salmon 1. Available Year Round 2. Quality Very High - Sanitary Processing 3. Air Freight Allowed Marketing Fresh Salmon 4. Uniform Taste & Texture 5. Feeds Well Formulated - 6. Feed Conversion Ratio ~ 1.2:1 7. Defined Brood Stock 8. Priced Competitively 9. Can Adjust to Meet Consumer DemandsAquacultured Salmon Farm Logistics 1. Siting Farm is the Most Crucial Decision 2. Need Rugged Pens a). Anti Predator Devices b). Automated Feed Devices 3. Need Source of Fry: Cost vs Survivorship 4. Reduce Stress at Harvest Time - Brailing 5. Processing Plant Needs Central Location 6. Housing Workers Near-byAtlantic Commercial HatcheryAtlantics RacewayAquaculture Salmon FeedingAquaculture Salmon FeedAtlantic Salmon PensAquacultured Salmon Biological Considerations 1. Healthy Smolt (Salmon Ready for Sea) a). Usually Separate Hatchery b). Usually Genetically Defined Brood Stock 2. Life History Stage Defined Feeds - Stages eg: a). Transition from FW to Seawater b). Somatogenesis vs. Gonadogenesis c). Finishing Diets - Omega 3, Astaxanthin 3. Keep Stress Levels Down at Harvest 4. Disease AvoidanceSea Louse on Salmon (Copepod)Atlantic Salmon EmbryosFertilizing Salmon EggsAtlantic Salmon Alevin (Yolk Sac)Chum Salmon ParrSalmon SmoltificationAtlantic Salmon - Salmo salar 1. Native Range - Atlantic Basin, Northern Russia, Northern Europe, Iceland, Canada & US. 2. Iteroparous (Repeated Spawnings) Opposed to Semelparous (One Spawning) Pacific Salmon 3. Fabulous Game Fish - Industrialization Seriously Encroached on Habitat. Many Pop’ns Endangered 4. Extremely Well Studied - Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout - Almost as Well Studied.Aquacultured Salmon Commercial Operations 1. Major Species: Atlantics & Cohos (Silvers) 2. Grow Out in 10 - 12 Months 3. Feeding - Several Times per Day - Automated 4. Major Farms: Norway, Scotland, Chile, Canada. 5. Major Virus Outbreak Chile - ISA Chile Supplies Much Farmed Salmon to USChile Salmon Pens - Lago LlanquihueSalmon Pen Harvest ChileAtlantic Salmon Pens New ZealandAquaculture Salmon HarvestAquacultured Salmon Bleeding OutAquaculture Salmon ProcessingAquaculture Salmon FillettingScottish Salmon FarmRainbow TroutRainbow Trout FarmArctic CharAquacultured Salmon Vs Wild Harvest 1. 1988 Price for Wild Salmon All Time High Alaska Pinks: $1.25, Reds: $3.75 per pound. 2. 2008 Price for Pink Salmon ~ $0.25 per lb. 3. Major Part of Difference was Aquaculture a). Wild 1982: 558,864 mt (75% total) b). Farmed 1982: 188,132 mt (25% total) c). Wild 2007: 992,508 mt (31.4% total) d). Farmed 2007: 2,165,321 mt (68.6% total) 4. 2010: Wild $5 per lb, Farmed $6-7 per lbAquaculture: Environmental Concerns 1. Concentrated Fish Waste (feces) 2. Concentration of Parasites 3. Disease Treatments: Not for Human Consumption 4. Feed Contaminants 5. Different Fatty Acid Profiles 6. Escapees Can Endanger Natural SpeciesConcentrated Waste 1. Feces and Unconsumed Food Gross Exaggerations Amt Feces 2. Best Countered by Proper Siting Good Current Flow can Dilute Early Salmon Farms Poorly Sited Food Consumed by Other Species 3. Real Problem - Siting CrucialConcentration of Parasites 1. Viral Outbreaks Penned Fish: Herring, Salmon, Shrimp - Real Threat 2. Best Defense: Cleanliness & Biosecurity 3. Salmon Lice (Crustacean, Copepod) Penned Salmon Can be Hosts, Natural Run Smolt Also Affected. 4. Real Problem: Farm Siting is CrucialDisease Therapeutics Dangerous 1. Marine: Few Antibiotics Actually Used Most Marine Bacteria Gram Positive Freshwater: There Have Been Problems 2. Malachite Green – Effective but Outlawed Rat Toxicity Test Concentrations 100,000 Times Higher than Fish - Still Used Some 3. Concern: Somewhat Justified, DiminishingFeed Contaminants 1. 1990s Bad Feed Produced in Europe Dioxin Contaminated Lipids Used 2. Contamination Discovered Quickly Contaminated Feeds Destroyed Some Fish Had to be Destroyed 3. Since Mad Cow in Europe: Feeds More Carefully Scrutinized 4. Problem in Past - Now Lowered ConcernsEscapees 1. Always Some Escapees - Storm Damage Containment Broken, More Escapees 2. Presumption: Competition with Locals 3. Escapees Found After Successful Spawn 4. Locals Can Out Compete Escapees Locals Attuned to Environmental Conditions Steelhead vs. Atlantic Salmon 5. Theoretical Issue: Probably Not that Big a DealOther Important Aquaculture Species Carp - Worldwide ~20Mmt per