European Influence 1. Russian Exploitation 1733-1867 a. Enslaved Aleut & Alutiiq Peoples b. Native Populations Declined 80% 1740-1800 c. Main Focus: Furs from Sea Otter later Fur Seal d. Introduction of Russian Orthodox Christianity e. Russian Headquarters 1784-1790. Three Saints Bay SE Kodiak Island 1790-1804. Kodiak, Kodiak Island 1804-1867. Sitka, Baranof IslandCitadel Watchtower SitkaSt. Michael’s Church SitkaAmerican Influence I 1. US buys Alaska from Russians 1867 586,412 sq. mi. a. Senate Ratifies Treaty April 9, 1867 b. House Finally Appropriates Funds July, 1868 c. Cost: $7,200,000 or 1.9¢ per acre d. Population i. Russians & Mixed Race ~ 2,500 ii. Native Alaskan under Russian Influence ~ 8,000 iii. Native Alaskans Not Under Russians ~ 50,000 iv. Total ~ 60,500 ~ 9.7 sq. miles per person , or ~ 0.1 people per sq mile.Salmon & American Influence 1. Klawok Salmon Cannery (southeast AK) 1878 Multiple Alaska Canneries by 1892 2. Alaska Packers Association (APA) formed 1892. Political Control in Alaska Until Statehood 3. Salmon Traps i. Allow Escapement then Open Traps ii. Caught Almost Every fish - No Extra Escapement iii. Populace Limited to Wage Earner Status iv. Economics Determined Escapement Allowed 4. Statehood Approved 1959.Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps IPre-Statehood Salmon Traps IIPre-Statehood Salmon Traps IIIConstruction Details Salmon TrapSalmon Trap Catch ISalmon Trap Catch IIPewing the Salmon CatchBarge Loaded with Trap FishEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery IEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery IIEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery IIIEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery IVEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery VKarluk Salmon Cannery IKarluk Salmon Cannery IIKake Salmon CanneryKetchikan Salmon CanneryCannery Interior ICannery Interior IICannery Interior IIICannery Interior IVCannery Interior VCannery Interior VICannery Interior Iron ChinkCased Canned Salmon for ExportEarly Canned Salmon Labels19th Century Alaskan Salmon CanPre-Statehood Salmon CansPre-Statehood Salmon CatchFish Wheel Tanana RiverFishing Issues at Statehood 1. Salmon Harvests Low - Bad Fed Management 2. Salmon Traps a. Extremely Efficient - Virtually all Fish Caught b. Insufficient Escapement to Insure Future Runs c. Traps Owned by Absentee Landlord Canneries 3. New Mobile Technology a. Invention of Power Block made Seining Realistic b. Inexpensive Diesels were RobustKodiak Salmon SeinerPowerblock Lifts Seine PursePowerblock & SeineFisheries Management and Harvesting RegulationsFisheries Management and Harvesting Regulations Commercial Fish Harvesting in Alaska 1. ~ 2,000,000 mt annually (4.4 billion pounds) 2. Walleye Pollock ~ 1.0 Mmt annually 3. ~ 80 other species - total ~ 1.0 Mmt annuallyFisheries Management and Harvesting Regulations Alaska’s Fisheries Management Controlled by: 1. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council 2. Alaska Department of Fish & Game 3. Alaska Board of Fisheries 4. International Pacific Halibut CommissionNorth Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NPFMC) 1. Mandated by Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Management & Conservation Act 1976. 2. 1 of 8 Regional Fish Management Councils 3. Council, Advisory Panel, SSC & Staff 4. Staff Generate Fisheries Management Plans (FMP) that must be approved by Secretary of CommerceNorth Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NPFMC) Controls Federal Water Fisheries: 3 mi - 200 mi Council has 11 Voting, 4 Non-Voting Members Voting: 6 Alaska, 3 WA, 1 OR, 1 Federal. Nonvoting: USCG, USFWS, PSMFC, US State Dept. Council: 15 Staff in Anchorage Works Closely with NMFS (NOAA Fisheries) Responsibility: Both Management and AllocationNPFM Council Advisory Panel Brings Different Perspectives to Council Council Appoints Membership Every Year Size Varies from 20-23 members Representing All Aspects of Alaskan Fisheries: Seafood Processing Industry CDQ Groups & Other Regional Voices Environmental Interests, Commercial & Recreational FishermenNPFM Council Scientific & Statistical Committee Membership Appointed by Council Yearly Composed of Fishery and Other Biologists, Economists, Sociologists, Anthropologists etc. Charge: To Recommend Policy to the NPFM Council Based on Best Available Scientific Information. Review: Stock Assessments & Fishery Evaluations Assess Scientific Validity of Stock Assessments, Assumptions, Methods, Results & ConclusionsNPFMC Fishery Management Plans (FMP) 1. Bering & Aleutians (BSAI) Groundfish FMP 2. Gulf of Alaska (GOA) Groundfish FMP 3. BSAI King & Tanner Crab FMP 4. Alaska Scallop FMP 5. Federal Waters Salmon FMPNPFMC Management Tools 1. Set Seasons & Quotas 2. Identify Prohibited Species 3. Rationalization by Vessel Limitation Bering Sea Crab, American Fisheries Act 4. Rationalization by IFQ eg. Halibut IFQ, Blackcod IFQ 5. Conservation Measures Other Species 6. Stock AssessmentsNPFMC Management Tools 1. Gear Limitations 2. Closed Areas 3. Allocative Decisions 4. Observer Program 5. Utilization Requirements 6. Recordkeeping & Reporting Requirements 7. Updating