Sensory Evaluation of FoodsHuman SensesHuman Senses Human SensesHuman SensesHuman SensesHuman SensesSense of Taste – Our TongueSlide Number 9Human SensesHuman SensesSense of Smell - Our NoseAbout the Trigeminal NerveAbout the Trigeminal NerveWhat is Sensory Analysis?What Questions Sensory Analysis Answer?What Questions Sensory Analysis Answer?What Questions Sensory Analysis Answer?Why Use Sensory Analysis to Evaluate Food Products?Why Use Sensory Analysis to Evaluate Food Products?Why Use Sensory Analysis to Evaluate Food Products?Sensory Evaluation PitfallsSensory Panel RoomsSensory Panel RoomSensory Panel RoomSensory Panel RoomSensory Analysis QuestionnairesSensory Analysis QuestionnairesSensory Analysis QuestionnairesTypes of Sensory TestsTypes of Sensory TestsTypes of ScalesQuality Index Method and Fish freshnessSensory Evaluation of FoodsSensory Evaluation of FoodsAlexandra OliveiraAlexandra OliveiraAssociate Professor Seafood ChemistryAssociate Professor Seafood ChemistryFITCFITC-- SFOSSFOSUniversity of AlaskaUniversity of AlaskaFISH 261 FISH 261 –– Spring Spring 20112011Human SensesHuman Senses•• Many accepted definitionsMany accepted definitions–– SensesSenses are the physiological methods of are the physiological methods of perceperceptionption•• Aristotle Aristotle –– There are There are five sensesfive senses in humans:in humans:–– SightSight–– HearingHearing–– TouchTouch–– SmellSmell–– TasteTastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesHuman Senses Human Senses •• From neurological Sciences From neurological Sciences -- Humans have at least six Humans have at least six additional senses (at least 11 senses all together):additional senses (at least 11 senses all together):–– NociceptionNociception –– painpain–– EquilibraceptionEquilibraception –– balancebalance–– ProprioceptionProprioception and kinesthesia and kinesthesia -- joint motion and joint motion and accelerationacceleration–– Sense of timeSense of time–– ThermoceptionThermoception -- temperature differencestemperature differences–– MagnetoceptionMagnetoception –– direction (weak in many individuals)direction (weak in many individuals)•• From all the senses above the only one that may From all the senses above the only one that may influence sensory evaluation of a food item is influence sensory evaluation of a food item is thermoceptionthermoceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesHuman SensesHuman Senses•• Commonly recognized categorization for human Commonly recognized categorization for human senses is:senses is:–– ChemoreceptionChemoreception (taste and smell)(taste and smell)–– PPhotoreceptionhotoreception (sight)(sight)–– MMechanoreceptionechanoreception (touch)(touch)–– TThermoceptionhermoception ((thermoceptionthermoception))•• All human senses fit into one of the categories listed All human senses fit into one of the categories listed aboveabovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesHuman SensesHuman Senses•• SightSight or or vision:vision:–– Ability of the brain and eye to detect Ability of the brain and eye to detect electromagnetic electromagnetic waveswaves within the visible range (within the visible range (lightlight) and interpret the ) and interpret the imageimage•• Touch, Touch, mechanoreceptionmechanoreception or or somatic sensation:somatic sensation:–– Sense of pressure perception, generally in the Sense of pressure perception, generally in the skinskin•• Hearing Hearing or or audition:audition:–– Sense of Sense of soundsound perceptionperception–– Sound is vibrations propagating through a medium (e.g. air)Sound is vibrations propagating through a medium (e.g. air)–– Detection of these vibrations is a mechanical sense similar Detection of these vibrations is a mechanical sense similar to to ‘‘touchtouch’’ but much more specializedbut much more specializedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesHuman SensesHuman Senses•• TasteTaste or or gustationgustation::–– This is a "chemical" senseThis is a "chemical" sense–– There four main types of tastes that receptors There four main types of tastes that receptors (buds) in the (buds) in the tonguetongue can distinguish:can distinguish:•• SweetSweet•• SaltSalt•• SourSour•• BitterBitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesHuman SensesHuman Senses•• TasteTaste or or gustationgustation::–– In 1908 a fifth receptor, for a sensation called In 1908 a fifth receptor, for a sensation called umamiumami (SAVORIENESS)(SAVORIENESS), was first theorized. In 200 , was first theorized. In 200 its existence was confirmed.its existence was confirmed.•• The The umamiumami receptor detects the receptor detects the amino acidamino acid glutamate, glutamate, a flavor commonly found in meat and in artificial a flavor commonly found in meat and in artificial flavorings such as monosodium glutamate (MSG)flavorings such as monosodium glutamate (MSG)–– Most of what we perceive (or describe as taste) is Most of what we perceive (or describe as taste) is actually smellactually smell•• E.g. E.g. ““This iceThis ice--cream tastes like strawberry and bananacream tastes like strawberry and banana””; ; it actually smells like banana and possibly tastes sweet it actually smells like banana and possibly tastes sweet and sourand sourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SensesSense of Taste Sense of Taste –– Our TongueOur Tongue•• The majority of taste buds on the tongue sit on raised The majority of taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. Four types protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. Four types of papillae present in the human tongue:of papillae present in the human tongue:•• FungiformFungiform papillaepapillae -- Slightly Slightly mushroommushroom--shaped if looked at in shaped if looked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the apex longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the apex (tip) of the tongue, as well as at the sides(tip) of the tongue, as well as at the sides•• FiliformFiliform papillaepapillae -- Thin, long papillae "V"Thin, long papillae "V"--shaped cones that shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in papillae are mechanical and not involved in