Chapter 9INTRODUCTIONChapter 9 JointsClassification of JointsFibrous JointsSuturesSyndesmosisGomphosisCartilaginous JointsSynchondrosisSymphysisSynovial JointsExample of Synovial JointArticular CapsuleSpecial FeaturesNerve and Blood SupplySprain versus StrainBursae and Tendon SheathsTYPES OF MOVEMENT AT SYNOVIAL JOINTSGliding MovementsAngular MovementsFlexion, Extension & HyperextensionAbduction, Adduction, and CircumductionAbduction and AdductionCircumductionPivot and ball-and-socket joints permit rotation.RotationSpecial MovementsSpecial Movements of MandibleSlide 30Special Hand & Foot MovementsSlide 32Slide 33TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSPlanar JointSlide 36Hinge JointSlide 38Pivot JointSlide 40Condyloid or Ellipsoidal JointSlide 42Saddle JointSlide 44Ball and Socket JointSELECTED JOINTS OF THE BODYTempromandibular Joint (TMJ) (Exhibit 9.1 and Figure 9.11)Temporomandibular JointTemporoman-dibular JointShoulder Joint (Exhibit 9.2 and Figure 9.12).Shoulder JointGlenohumeral (Shoulder) JointSupporting Structures at ShoulderRotator Cuff MusclesElbow Joint (Exhibit 9.3 and Figure 9.13)Articular Capsule of the Elbow JointHip Joint (Exhibit 9.4 and Figure 9.14)Hip JointHip Joint StructuresHip Joint CapsuleKnee Joints (Exhibit 9.5 and Figure 9.15)Tibiofemoral JointSlide 63External Views of Knee JointIntracapsular Structures of KneeFACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT AND RANGE OF MOTION AT SYNOVIAL JOINTSArthroscopy & ArthroplastyTechniques for cartilage replacementDISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES: Rheumatism and ArthritisHip ReplacementDISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES:Rheumatoid ArthritisOsteoarthritisGouty ArthritisSlide 75Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 9JointsLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2INTRODUCTION•A joint (articulation or arthrosis) is a point of contact between two or more bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bones.•The scientific study of joints is called arthrology.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3Chapter 9Joints•Joints hold bones together but permit movement•Point of contact –between 2 bones–between cartilage and bone–between teeth and bones•Arthrology = study of joints•Kinesiology = study of motionPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Classification of Joints•Structural classification is based on the presence or absence of a synovial (joint) cavity and type of connecting tissue. Structurally, joints are classified as –fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.•Functional classification based upon movement: –immovable = synarthrosis–slightly movable = amphiarthrosis–freely movable = diarthrosisPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5Fibrous Joints•Lack a synovial cavity•Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue•Little or no movement (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)•3 structural types–sutures–syndesmoses–gomphosesPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6Sutures•Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull•Immovable (synarthrosis)•If fuse completely in adults is synostosisPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7Syndesmosis•Fibrous joint –bones united by ligament •Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)•Anterior tibiofibular joint and Interosseous membranePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8Gomphosis •Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket •Immovable (synarthrosis)•Teeth in alveolar processesPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Cartilaginous Joints•Lacks a synovial cavity•Allows little or no movement•Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage•2 types–synchondroses–symphysesPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 10Synchondrosis •Connecting material is hyaline cartilage•Immovable (synarthrosis)•Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternumPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11Symphysis •Fibrocartilage is connecting material•Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)•Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysisPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 12Synovial Joints•Synovial cavity separates articulating bones•Freely moveable (diarthroses)•Articular cartilage–reduces friction–absorbs shock•Articular capsule–surrounds joint–thickenings in fibrouscapsule called ligaments•Synovial membrane–inner lining of capsulePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 13Example of Synovial Joint•Joint space is synovial joint cavity•Articular cartilage covering ends of bones•Articular capsulePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 14Articular Capsule•The articular capsule surrounds a diarthrosis, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones.•The articular capsule is composed of two layers - the outer fibrous capsule (which may contain ligaments) and the inner synovial membrane (which secretes a lubricating and joint-nourishing synovial fluid) (Figure 9.3).•The flexibility of the fibrous capsule permits considerable movement at a joint, whereas its great tensile strength helps prevent bones from dislocating.•Other capsule features include ligaments and articular fat pads (Figure 9.3).Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 15Special Features•Synovial Membrane–secretes synovial fluid containing slippery hyaluronic acid–brings nutrients to articular cartilage•Accessory ligaments–extracapsular ligaments•outside joint capsule–intracapsular ligaments•within capsule•Articular discs or menisci–attached around edges to capsule–allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly–increase stability of knee - torn cartilage•Bursae = saclike structures between structures–skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bonePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 16Nerve and Blood Supply•Nerves to joints are branches of nerves to nearby muscles•Joint capsule and ligaments contain pain fibers and sensory receptors•Blood supply to the structures of a joint are branches from nearby structures–supply nutrients to all joint tissues except the articular cartilage which is supplied from the synovial fluidPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 17Sprain versus Strain•Sprain–twisting of joint that stretches or tears ligaments–no dislocation of the bones–may damage nearby blood vessels, muscles or tendons–swelling & hemorrhage from blood vessels–ankle if frequently