Chapter 18Chapter 18 The Endocrine SystemNERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEMGeneral Functions of HormonesEndocrine Glands DefinedHormone ReceptorsSlide 7Regulation of Hormone ReceptorsBlocking Hormone ReceptorsCirculating and Local HormonesCirculating & Local HormonesChemical Classes of Hormones - OverviewLipid-soluble HormonesWater-soluble HormonesHormone Transport in BloodGeneral Mechanisms of Hormone ActionAction of Lipid-Soluble HormoneAction of Lipid-Soluble HormonesAction of Water-Soluble HormonesSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Second MessengersAmplification of Hormone EffectsCholera Toxin and G ProteinsHormonal InteractionsSlide 27Control of Hormone SecretionHYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLANDAnatomy of Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)Flow of Blood to Anterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryFeedbackNegative Feedback SystemsPositive FeedbackHuman Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHuman Growth HormoneRegulation of hGHDiabetogenic Effect of Human Growth HormoneThyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Prolactin (PRL)Adrenocorticotrophic HormoneMelanocyte-Stimulating HormonePosterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)Slide 48OxytocinOxytocin during LaborADHAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)Regulation of ADHTHYROID GLAND - OverviewThyroid GlandHistology of Thyroid GlandPhotomicrograph of Thyroid GlandFormation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid HormonesFormation of Thyroid HormoneActions of Hormones from Thyroid GlandControl of T3 & T4 SecretionPARATHYROID GLANDSParathyroid GlandsHistology of Parathyroid GlandBlood CalciumRegulation of Calcium Blood LevelsAdrenal GlandsAdrenal CortexHistology of Adrenal GlandStructure of Adrenal GlandMineralocorticoidsRegulation of AldosteroneGlucocorticoidsRegulation of GlucocorticoidsAndrogens from Zona ReticularisAdrenal MedullaPANCREATIC ISLETSAnatomy of PancreasCell Organization in PancreasHistology of the PancreasCell Types in the Pancreatic IsletsRegulationOvaries and TestesPineal GlandEffect of Light on Pineal GlandSeasonal Affective Disorder and Jet LagThymus GlandOTHER HORMONES and GROWTH FACTORSEicosanoidsNonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory DrugsGrowth FactorsSTRESS RESPONSEStress & General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation SyndromeAlarm Reaction (Fight-or-Flight)Resistance ReactionExhaustionStress and DiseaseDEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMDevelopment of the Endocrine SystemDevelopment of Pituitary GlandSlide 102Aging and the Endocrine SystemDISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCESDiabetes InsipidusPituitary Gland DisordersThyroid Gland DisordersParathyroid Gland DisordersAdrenal Gland Disorders - TumorAdrenal Gland Disorders - Cushing’s SyndromeAdrenal Gland Disorders - Addison’s diseasePancreatic DisordersSlide 113Photographs for ReviewAdrenal Cortex - ReviewAdrenal Medulla - ReviewReview: Cell Types in the Pancreatic IsletsOVARIES AND TESTES - ReviewPINEAL GLAND - ReviewTHYMUS GLANDPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 18The Endocrine SystemLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2Chapter 18The Endocrine System•The nervous and endocrine systems act as a coordinated interlocking supersystem, the neuroendocrine system.•The endocrine system controls body activities by releasing mediator molecules called hormones.–hormones released into the bloodstream travel throughout the body–results may take hours, but last longer• The nervous system controls body actions through nerve impulses.–certain parts release hormones into blood–rest releases neurotransmitters excite or inhibit nerve, muscle & gland cells–results in milliseconds, brief duration of effectsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEM •The nervous system causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete. The endocrine system affects virtually all body tissues by altering metabolism, regulating growth and development, and influencing reproductive processes.•Parts of the nervous system stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones.•Hormones may promote or inhibit the generation of nerve impulses.•Table 18.1 compares the characteristics of the nervous and endocrine systems.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4General Functions of Hormones•Help regulate:–extracellular fluid–metabolism–biological clock–contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle–glandular secretion–some immune functions•Growth & development•Reproduction•Hormones have powerful effects when present in very low concentrations.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5Endocrine Glands Defined•Exocrine glands–secrete products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface–sweat, oil, mucous, & digestive glands•Endocrine glands–secrete products (hormones) into bloodstream–pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal–other organs secrete hormones as a 2nd function–hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas,ovaries,testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart & placentaPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6Hormone Receptors•Hormones only affect target cells with specific membrane proteins called receptorsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7Hormone Receptors•Although hormones travel in blood throughout the body, they affect only specific target cells.–Target cells have specific protein or glycoprotein receptors to which hormones bind.•Receptors are constantly being synthesized and broken down.•Synthetic hormones that block the receptors for particular naturally occurring hormones are available as drugs. (Clinical Application)Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8Regulation of Hormone Receptors•Receptors are constantly being synthesized & broken down–range of 2000-100,000 receptors / target cell•Down-regulation–excess hormone leads to a decrease in number of receptors•receptors undergo endocytosis and are degraded–decreases sensitivity of target cell to hormone•Up-regulation–deficiency of hormone leads to an increase in the number of receptors–target tissue becomes more sensitive to the hormonePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Blocking Hormone Receptors•Synthetic drugs may block receptors for naturally occurring hormones–Normally, progesterone levels drop once/month leading to menstruation. Progesterone levels are maintained when a woman becomes pregnant.–RU486 (mifepristone) binds to the receptors for