Chapter 17Chapter 17 The Special SensesChemical SensesAnatomy of olfactory receptorsOlfactory EpitheliumCells of the Olfactory MembranePhysiology of Olfaction - OverviewOlfaction: Sense of SmellAdaptation & Odor ThresholdsOlfactory PathwayGUSTATORY: SENSE OF TASTEGustatory Sensation: TasteAnatomy of Taste BudsPhysiology of TasteGustatory PathwayVISIONAccessory Structures of Eye - OverviewEyelidsEyelashes & EyebrowsLacrimal ApparatusExtraocular MusclesTunics (Layers) of EyeballFibrous Tunic -- Description of CorneaFibrous Tunic -- Description of ScleraVascular Tunic -- Choroid & Ciliary BodyVascular Tunic -- Iris & PupilVascular Tunic -- Muscles of the IrisVascular Tunic -- Description of lensVascular Tunic -- Suspensory ligamentNervous Tunic -- RetinaPhotoreceptorsSlide 32Layers of RetinaRods & Cones--PhotoreceptorsPathway of Nerve Signal in RetinaLensCavities of the Interior of EyeballEye AnatomyAqueous HumorMajor Processes of Image FormationDefinition of RefractionRefraction by the Cornea & LensAccommodation & the LensNear Point of Vision and PresbyopiaRefraction AbnormalitiesCorrection for Refraction ProblemsConstriction of the PupilConvergence of the EyesPhysiology of VisionSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52PhotopigmentsApplication: Color Blindness & Night BlindnessRegeneration of Bleached PhotopigmentsLight and Dark AdaptationDetails: Formation of Receptor PotentialsRelease of NeurotransmittersVisual PathwayRetinal Processing of Visual InformationBrain Pathways of VisionProcessing of Image Data in the BrainVisual fieldsAnatomy of the Ear RegionHEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM - OverviewSlide 66External EarMiddle Ear CavitySlide 69Muscles of the EarBony LabyrinthInner Ear---Bony LabyrinthInner Ear---Membranous LabyrinthMembranous LabyrinthSemicircular CanalsCranial nerves of the Ear RegionNerveOverview of Physiology of HearingPhysiology of Hearing - OverviewTubular Structures of the CochleaCochleaCochlear Anatomy – Zoom InCochlear Anatomy – Zoom OutAnatomyAnatomy of the Organ of CortiSound WavesDeafnessPhysiology of HearingPhysiology of Hearing - ReviewSlide 90Hair Cell Physiology - ReviewMore on Pitch and VolumeAuditory PathwayOtoacoustic EmissionsCochlear ImplantsApplicationsVestibular ApparatusPhysiology of Equilibrium (Balance)Otolithic Organs: Saccule and UtricleOtolithic Organs: Saccule & UtricleDetection of Position of HeadMembranous Semicircular DuctsCrista: Ampulla of Semicircular DuctsDetection of Rotational MovementEquilibrium Pathways in the CNSDEVELOPMENT OF THE EYES AND EARSEyesPowerPoint PresentationEarsSlide 110AGING AND THE SPECIAL SENSESSlide 112DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCESSlide 114Slide 115Chapter 18Chapter 18 The Endocrine SystemNERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEMGeneral Functions of HormonesEndocrine Glands DefinedHormone ReceptorsSlide 122Regulation of Hormone ReceptorsBlocking Hormone ReceptorsCirculating and Local HormonesCirculating & Local HormonesChemical Classes of Hormones - OverviewLipid-soluble HormonesWater-soluble HormonesHormone Transport in BloodGeneral Mechanisms of Hormone ActionAction of Lipid-Soluble HormoneAction of Lipid-Soluble HormonesAction of Water-Soluble HormonesSlide 135Slide 136Slide 137Second MessengersAmplification of Hormone EffectsCholera Toxin and G ProteinsHormonal InteractionsSlide 142Control of Hormone SecretionHYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLANDAnatomy of Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)Flow of Blood to Anterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryFeedbackNegative Feedback SystemsPositive FeedbackHuman Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHuman Growth HormoneRegulation of hGHDiabetogenic Effect of Human Growth HormoneThyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Prolactin (PRL)Adrenocorticotrophic HormoneMelanocyte-Stimulating HormonePosterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)Slide 163OxytocinOxytocin during LaborADHAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)Regulation of ADHTHYROID GLAND - OverviewThyroid GlandHistology of Thyroid GlandPhotomicrograph of Thyroid GlandFormation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid HormonesFormation of Thyroid HormoneActions of Hormones from Thyroid GlandControl of T3 & T4 SecretionPARATHYROID GLANDSParathyroid GlandsHistology of Parathyroid GlandBlood CalciumRegulation of Calcium Blood LevelsAdrenal GlandsAdrenal CortexHistology of Adrenal GlandStructure of Adrenal GlandMineralocorticoidsRegulation of AldosteroneGlucocorticoidsRegulation of GlucocorticoidsAndrogens from Zona ReticularisAdrenal MedullaPANCREATIC ISLETSAnatomy of PancreasCell Organization in PancreasHistology of the PancreasCell Types in the Pancreatic IsletsRegulationOvaries and TestesPineal GlandEffect of Light on Pineal GlandSeasonal Affective Disorder and Jet LagThymus GlandOTHER HORMONES and GROWTH FACTORSEicosanoidsNonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory DrugsGrowth FactorsSTRESS RESPONSEStress & General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation SyndromeAlarm Reaction (Fight-or-Flight)Resistance ReactionExhaustionStress and DiseaseDEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMDevelopment of the Endocrine SystemDevelopment of Pituitary GlandSlide 217Aging and the Endocrine SystemDISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCESDiabetes InsipidusPituitary Gland DisordersThyroid Gland DisordersParathyroid Gland DisordersAdrenal Gland Disorders - TumorAdrenal Gland Disorders - Cushing’s SyndromeAdrenal Gland Disorders - Addison’s diseasePancreatic DisordersSlide 228Photographs for ReviewAdrenal Cortex - ReviewAdrenal Medulla - ReviewReview: Cell Types in the Pancreatic IsletsOVARIES AND TESTES - ReviewPINEAL GLAND - ReviewTHYMUS GLANDPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 17The Special SensesLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2Chapter 17The Special Senses•Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium•Housed in complex sensory organs •Ophthalmology is science of the eye•Otolaryngology is science of the earPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3Chemical Senses•Interaction of molecules with receptor cells•Olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste)•Both project to cerebral cortex & limbic system–evokes strong emotional reactionsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Anatomy of olfactory receptors•The receptors for olfaction, which are bipolar neurons, are in the nasal epithelium in the superior portion of the nasal cavity (Figure 17.1).•They are first-order neurons of the olfactory pathway.•Supporting cells are epithelial cells of the