Chapter 2INTRODUCTIONChapter 2 The Chemical Level of OrganizationBasic PrinciplesHOW MATTER IS ORGANIZEDReviewStructure of AtomsSlide 8Electron ShellsSlide 10Atomic Number and Mass NumberAtomic Number & Mass NumberSlide 13Atomic MassSlide 15Ions, Molecules, & CompoundsIons, Molecules, Free Radicals, and CompoundsFree RadicalsFree Radicals & Your HealthCHEMICAL BONDSSlide 21Ionic BondsSlide 23The Ionic Bond in Sodium ChlorideCovalent BondsSlide 26Polar Covalent BondsHydrogen BondsSlide 29Chemical ReactionsCHEMICAL REACTIONSForms of Energy and Chemical ReactionsEnergy and Chemical ReactionsEnergy Transfer in Chemical ReactionsSlide 35Activation EnergySlide 37Factors that influence the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction include:Effectiveness of CatalystsCatalysts or EnzymesTypes of Chemical ReactionsSynthesis Reactions--AnabolismDecomposition Reactions--CatabolismExchange ReactionsReversible ReactionsOxidation-Reduction ReactionsINORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND SOLUTIONSWaterWater in Chemical ReactionsWater as a solventWater as a SolventHigh Heat Capacity of WaterCohesion of Water MoleculesWater as a LubricantSolutions, Colloids, and SuspensionsConcentrationInorganic Acids, Bases & Salts. Acids, bases and salts always dissociate into ions if they are dissolved in water (Fig 2.12)Concept of pHAcid-Base Balance: The Concept of pHMaintaining pH: Buffer SystemsORGANIC COMPOUNDSCarbon and Its Functional GroupsCarbon & Its Functional GroupsCarbohydratesSlide 65Monosaccharides and Disaccharides: SugarsDisaccharidesClinical Application:PolysaccharidesLipidsLipids = fatsTriglyceridesSlide 73Slide 74Saturation of TriglyceridesClinical ApplicationChemical Nature of PhospholipidsPhospholipidsSteroidsFour Ring Structure of SteroidsOther LipidsProteinsSlide 83Amino Acid StructureLevels of Structural OrganizationFormation of a Dipeptide BondSlide 87Slide 88Bonds of Tertiary & Quaternary StructureProtein DenaturationEnzymesSlide 92Enzyme FunctionalitySlide 94Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)DNA StructureDNA FingerprintingRNA StructureAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Formation & Usage of ATPSlide 101Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of OrganizationLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2INTRODUCTION•Since chemicals compose your body and all body activities are chemical in nature, it is important to become familiar with the language and fundamental concepts of chemistry.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization•Matter–elements–atoms and molecules•Chemical bonds•Chemical energy•Chemical reactions•Inorganic compounds•Organic compoundsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Basic Principles•Chemistry is the science of the structure and interactions of matter.•Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.–Mass is the amount of matter a substance contains–weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass.•Describe two ways that you could change your weight. Describe two ways that you could change your weight.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5HOW MATTER IS ORGANIZED•Chemical Elements–All forms of matter are composed of chemical elements which are substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.–Elements are given letter abbreviations called chemical symbols.•Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) make up 96% of body weight. •These elements, together with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) make up 98.5% of total body weight. –Trace elements are present in tiny amounts •copper, tin, selenium & zincPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6Review•Table 2.1 lists the major and trace elements of the human body.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7Structure of Atoms•Units of matter of all chemical elements are called atoms. An element is a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type.•Atoms consist of a nucleus, which contains positively charged protons and neutral (uncharged) neutrons, and negatively charged electrons that move about the nucleus in energy levels (Figure 2.1).Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8Structure of Atoms•Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element•3 types of subatomic particles–protons, neutrons and electrons•Nucleus: protons (p+) & neutrons (neutral charge)•Electrons (e-) surround the nucleus as a cloud (electron shells are designated regions of the cloud)Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Electron Shells•Most likely region of the electroncloud in which to find electrons •Each electron shell can hold onlya limited number of electrons–first shell can hold only 2 electrons–2nd shell can hold 8 electrons–3rd shell can hold 18 electrons–higher shells (up to 7) hold many more electrons•Number of electrons = number of protons•Each atom is electrically neutral; charge = 0Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 10Structure of Atoms•Electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom tending to spend most of the time in specific atomic regions, called shells (Figure 2.1a).–Each shell can hold a certain maximum number of electrons.–The first shell, the one nearest the nucleus, can hold a maximum of 2 electrons; the second shell, 8; the third shell;18,the fourth shell, 18; and so on (Figure 2.1b).–The number of electrons in an atom of a neutral element always equals the number of protons.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11Atomic Number and Mass Number•Atomic Number–The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom–The number of protons in the nucleus makes the atoms of one element different from those of another as illustrated in Figure 2.2.–Since all atoms are electrically neutral, the atomic number also equals the number of electrons in each atom.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 12Atomic Number & Mass Number•Atomic number is number of protons in the nucleus. .•Mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 13Atomic Number and Mass Number•The mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons.–Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.•Isotopes–Stable isotopes do not change