Chapter 8INTRODUCTIONChapter 8 The Skeletal System: Appendicular SkeletonPectoral (Shoulder) GirdleClavicleClavicle (collarbone)ScapulaAnterior Surface of ScapulaPosterior Surface of ScapulaUPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)Upper ExtremityHumerusHumerus --- Proximal EndHumerus --- Distal End anterior and posteriorUlna and RadiusUlna & Radius --- Proximal EndSlide 17Elbow JointUlna and Radius - Distal EndCarpals, Metacarpal, and Phalanges8 Carpal Bones (wrist)Metacarpals and PhalangesHandPELVIC (HIP) GIRDLEPelvic Girdle and Hip BonesThe IliumIliumIschium and PubisPelvisTrue and False PelvesFemale and Male SkeletonsCOMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVESFemale MaleCOMPARISON OF PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLESLOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)Lower ExtremityFemurSlide 38PatellaSlide 40Tibia and FibulaSlide 42Slide 43Tarsals, Metatarsals, and PhalangesTarsusMetatarsus and PhalangesArches of the FootSlide 48Clinical ProblemsDEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSlide 51Slide 52Slide 53Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 8The Skeletal System: Appendicular SkeletonLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2INTRODUCTION•The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and hip girdles.•The appendicular skeleton functions primarily to facilitate movement.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton•Pectoral girdle•Pelvic girdle •Upper limbs•Lower limbsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe pectoral or shoulder girdle attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton (Figure 8.1).•Consists of scapula and clavicle •Clavicle articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)•Clavicle articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint)•Scapula held in place by muscle only•Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder (glenohumeral joint)Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5Clavicle•The clavicle or collar bone lies horizontally in the superior and anterior part of thorax superior to the first rib and articulates with the sternum and the clavicle (Figure 8.2).•The clavicle, one of the most frequently broken bones in the body, transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6Clavicle (collarbone)•S-shaped bone with two curves–medial curve convex anteriorly/lateral one concave anteriorly•Extends from sternum to scapula above 1st rib•Fracture site is junction of curves •Ligaments attached to clavicle stabilize its position.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7Scapula•The scapula or shoulder blade articulates with the clavicle and the humerus (Figure 8.3).•The scapulae articulate with other bones anteriorly, but are held in place posteriorly only by complex shoulder and back musculature.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8Anterior Surface of Scapula•Subscapular fossa filled with muscle •Coracoid process for muscle attachmentPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Posterior Surface of Scapula•Triangular flat bone found in upper back region•Scapular spine ends as acromion process–a sharp ridge widening to a flat process•Glenoid cavity forms shoulder joint with head of humerus•Supraspinous & infraspinous fossa for muscular attachmentsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 10UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)•Each upper limb consists of 30 bones including the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (Figure 8.4).Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11Upper Extremity•Each upper limb = 30 bones–humerus within the arm–ulna & radius within the forearm–carpal bones within the wrist–metacarpal bones within the palm–phalanges in the fingers•Joints –shoulder (glenohumeral), elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangealPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 12Humerus•The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb (Figure 8.5).•It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with both the radius and ulna.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 13Humerus --- Proximal End•Part of shoulder joint•Head & anatomical neck •Greater & lesser tubercles for muscle attachments•Intertubercular sulcus or bicipitalgroove•Surgical neck isfracture site•Deltoid tuberosity•ShaftPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 14Humerus --- Distal Endanterior and posterior•Forms elbow joint withulna and radius•Capitulum –articulates with head of radius•Trochlea–articulation with ulna•Olecranon fossa–posterior depression for olecranon process of ulna •Medial & lateral epicondyles–attachment of forearm musclesPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 15Ulna and Radius•The ulna is located on the medial aspect of the forearm (Figure 8.6).•The radius is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm (Figure 8.6)•The radius and ulna articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint (Figure 8.7a), with each other (Figure 8.7b, c), and with three carpal bones. (Figure 8.8)Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 16Ulna & Radius --- Proximal End•Ulna (on little finger side)–trochlear notch articulates withhumerus & radial notch with radius–olecranon process forms point of elbow •Radius (on thumb side)–head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna –tuberosity for muscle attachmentPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 17Ulna & Radius --- Proximal End•Ulna (on little finger side)–trochlear notch articulates withhumerus & radial notch with radius–olecranon process forms point of elbow •Radius (on thumb side)–head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna –tuberosity for muscle attachmentPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 18Elbow Joint•Articulation of humerus with ulna and radius•Ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus•Radius articulates with capitulum of humerus•Interosseous membrane between ulna & radius provides site for muscle attachmentPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 19Ulna and Radius - Distal End•Ulna --styloid process–head separated from wrist joint by fibrocartilage disc•Radius –forms wrist joint with scaphoid, lunate & triquetrum–forms distal radioulnar joint with head of ulnaPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e