Chapter 23INTRODUCTIONChapter 23 The Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Anatomy (Figure 23.1).External Nasal StructuresExternal AnatomyInternal AnatomyNose -- Internal StructuresFunctions of the Nasal StructuresRhinoplastyPharynx - OverviewPharynxSlide 13NasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxLarynx - OverviewCartilages of the LarynxLarynxVocal CordsThe Structures of Voice ProductionMovement of Vocal CordsSpeech and WhisperingApplicationTracheaSlide 26Trachea and Bronchial TreeHistology of the TracheaAirway EpitheliumTracheostomy and IntubationBronchiBronchi and BronchiolesHistology of Bronchial TreePleural Membranes & Pleural CavityLungs - OverviewSlide 36Gross Anatomy of LungsMediastinal Surface of LungsStructures within a Lobule of LungAlveoliHistology of Lung TissueDetails of Respiratory MembraneCells Types of the AlveoliAlveolar-Capillary MembraneSlide 45Double Blood Supply to the LungsClinical ApplicationsPULMONARY VENTILATIONBreathing or Pulmonary VentilationBoyle’s LawDimensions of the Chest CavityInspirationQuiet InspirationExpirationQuiet ExpirationLabored BreathingIntrapleural PressuresSummary of BreathingAlveolar Surface TensionCompliance of the LungsAirway ResistanceBreathing PatternsModified Respiratory MovementsLUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIESLung Volumes and CapacitiesEXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDEDalton’s LawWhat is Composition of Air?Slide 69Henry’s LawSlide 71Hyperbaric OxygenationRespirationExternal RespirationRate of Diffusion of GasesInternal RespirationTRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOODOxygen TransportHemoglobin and Oxygen Partial PressureSlide 80Oxygen Transport in the BloodSlide 82Other Factors Affecting Hemoglobin Affinity for OxygenAcidity & Oxygen Affinity for HbpCO2 & Oxygen ReleaseTemperature & Oxygen ReleaseOxygen Affinity & Fetal HemoglobinReviewFetal HemoglobinCarbon Monoxide PoisoningCarbon Dioxide TransportSlide 92Summary of Gas Exchange and Transport in Lungs and TissuesSummary of Gas Exchange & TransportCONTROL OF RESPIRATIONRespiratory CenterRole of the Respiratory CenterMedullary Rhythmicity AreaSlide 99Pneumotaxic AreaRegulation of Respiratory CenterChemoreceptor Regulation of RespirationChemical Regulation of RespirationNegative Feedback Regulation of BreathingControl of Respiratory RateRegulation of Ventilation Rate and DepthHypoxiaEXERCISE AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSmokers Lowered Respiratory EfficiencyDEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMThe time line for development of the respiratory systemDevelopmental Anatomy of Respiratory SystemAging & the Respiratory SystemDisorders of the Respiratory SystemPneumothoraxDISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCESSlide 117Slide 118Slide 119Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 23The Respiratory SystemLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2INTRODUCTION•The two systems that cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 are the cardiovascular and the respiratory system.•The respiratory system provides for gas exchange.•The cardiovascular system transports the respiratory gases.•Failure of either system has the same effect on the body: disruption of homeostasis and rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and buildup of waste products.•Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells. It takes place in three basic steps: ventilation (breathing), external (pulmonary) respiration, and internal (tissue) respiration.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3Chapter 23 The Respiratory System•Cells continually use O2 & release CO2•Respiratory system designed for gas exchange•Cardiovascular system transports gases in blood•Failure of either system– rapid cell death from O2 starvationPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Respiratory System Anatomy (Figure 23.1).•Nose•Pharynx = throat•Larynx = voicebox•Trachea = windpipe•Bronchi = airways•Lungs•Locations of infections–upper respiratory tract is above vocal cords–lower respiratory tract is below vocal cords•The conducting system consists of a series of cavities and tubes - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchioles - that conduct air into the lungs. The respiratory portion consists of the area where gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5External Nasal Structures•Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane•Openings called external nares or nostrilsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6External Anatomy•The external portion of the nose is made of cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane. Openings to the exterior are the external nares.•The external portion of the nose is made of cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane (Figure 23.2a).•The bony framework of the nose is formed by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae (Figure 23.2).Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7Internal Anatomy•The interior structures of the nose are specialized for warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; receiving olfactory stimuli; and serving as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds.•The internal portion communicates with the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx through the internal nares.•The inside of both the external and internal nose is called the nasal cavity. It is divided into right and left sides by the nasal septum. The anterior portion of the cavity is called the vestibule (Figure 7.14a).•The surface anatomy of the nose is shown in Figure 23.3.•Nasal polyps are outgrowths of the mucous membranes which are usually found around the openings of the paranasal sinuses.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8Nose -- Internal Structures•Large chamber within the skull•Roof is made up of ethmoid and floor is hard palate•Internal nares (choanae) are openings to pharynx•Nasal septum is composed of bone & cartilage•Bony swelling or conchae on lateral wallsPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Functions of the Nasal Structures•Olfactory epithelium for sense of smell•Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells lines nasal cavity–warms air due to high vascularity–mucous moistens air & traps dust–cilia move mucous towards pharynx•Paranasal sinuses open into nasal cavity–found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal & maxillary–lighten skull & resonate voicePrinciples