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VALENCIA BSC 2093C - Development and Inheritance

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Chapter 29Development and InheritanceINTRODUCTIONTerminology of DevelopmentSlide 5EMBRYONIC PERIODFrom Fertilization to ImplantationFirst Week of DevelopmentFertilizationEvents Before FertilizationSlide 11Sperm Contact during FertilizationSlide 13TwinsCleavage of the ZygoteEvents Within the EggFormation of the MorulaBlastocyst FormationDevelopment of the BlastocystStem cell research and therapeutic cloningImplantationSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Clinical ApplicationDevelopment of the TrophoblastBeginnings of Organ Systems(Gastrulation)Primary Germ LayersDevelopment of the AmnionFormation of Embryonic MembranesAmnion, Yolk sac, Chorion, allantoisSlide 32Development of the Yolk sacAmnion, Yolk sac, Chorion, AllantoisSlide 35Development of Sinusoids21 DaysDevelopment of the ChorionParts of Endometrial LiningDeciduaUmbilical CordPlacenta PreviaFetal UltrasonographyThird Week of Development22-28 days28 daysPlacenta & Umbilical CordSlide 48GastrulationSlide 50NeurulationSlide 52Development of somitesDevelopment of the intraembryonic coelomDevelopment of the cardiovascular systemDevelopment of the chorionic villi and placentaSlide 57Slide 58Fourth week of DevelopmentSlide 60Fifth Through Eight Weeks of DevelopmentFETAL PERIODPRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTSSlide 64Slide 65AmniocentesisChorionic Villi SamplingMATERNAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCYHormones of PregnancyPlacental HormonesHormone Blood LevelsHormonal Secretion by the PlacentaClinical Application: Hormones of PregnancyDevelopmental ChangesAnatomical and Physiological Changes During PregnancySlide 76Slide 77Maternal Changes During PregnancyPregnancy-Induced HypertensionExercise and PregnancyLabor and ParturitionPositive Feedback during LaborTrue Versus False LaborStages of LaborClinical Application: LABORLABORADJUSTMENTS OF THE INFANT AT BIRTHAdjustments of the Infant at BirthSlide 89Cardiovascular AdjustmentsPremature InfantsPhysiology of LactationPHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATIONMilk Ejection ReflexSlide 95Slide 96Benefits of Breast-feedingNursing and ChildbirthINHERITANCEGenotype and PhenotypeGenotype & PhenotypeSlide 102AbnormalitiesGenetic ProblemsVariations on Dominant-Recessive InheritanceIncomplete DominanceSickle-Cell Inheritance (Figure 29.21).Multiple-Allele Inheritance Figure 29.22Polygenic Inheritance Figure 29.23Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex DeterminationAutosomes & Sex Chromosomes Figure 29.25Human ChromosomesGender InheritanceSex-Linked InheritanceSlide 115X-Chromosome InactivationInfertilityFertilityTeratogensEnvironmental InfluencesGenetic AlterationsFragile X SyndromeDown Syndrome (DS)Chemicals and DrugsCigarette SmokingSlide 126Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 1Chapter 29Development and InheritanceLecture OutlinePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2Development and Inheritance•From fertilization to birth–fertilization–implantation–placental development–fetal development–gestation–labor–parturition (birth)Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3INTRODUCTION•The first two months following fertilization is the period of embryonic development and the developing human is an embryo.•From week nine until birth is the fetal development period and the individual is a fetus.•Prenatal development is the time from fertilization until birth. It is divided into three trimesters.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4Terminology of DevelopmentSummary•Gestation period–fertilization to birth (38 weeks)•Prenatal period (before birth)–embryological development•first 2 months after fertilization (embryo)•all principal adult organs are present–fetal development•from 9 weeks until birth (fetus)•placenta is functioning by end of 3rd month•Neonatal period–first 42 days after birthPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5INTRODUCTION•Developmental anatomy is the study of the sequence of events from the fertilization of a secondary oocyte to the formation of an adult organism.•Embryology is the study of development from fertilization to the fetal period.•Obstetrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the management of pregnancy, labor, and the neonatal period (the first 42 days after birth).Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6EMBRYONIC PERIODPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7From Fertilization to ImplantationPrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8First Week of Development•Fertilization–During fertilization, the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell (spermatozoon) and a haploid secondary oocyte merges into a single diploid nucleus.–Fertilization normally occurs in the uterine (Fallopian) tube when the oocyte is about one-third of the way down the tube to the uterus, usually within 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. (Oocyte usually dies in 24 hours)•The process leading to fertilization begins as peristaltic contractions and the actions of cilia transport the oocyte through the uterine tube.–Sperm swim up the uterus and into the uterine tube by the whip like movements of their tails (flagella) and muscular contractions of the uterus.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9Fertilization•The functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte are referred to as capacitation.•To fertilize an oocyte, a sperm must penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida around the oocyte (Figure 29.1a).•A glycoprotein in the zona pellucida (ZP3) acts as a sperm receptor, binds to specific membrane proteins in the sperm head and triggers the acrosomal reaction, the release of the contents of the acrosome.•The acrosomal enzymes digest a path through the zona pellucida allowing only one sperm to make its way through the barrier and reach the oocyte’s plasma membrane.Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 10Events Before Fertilization•transport the oocyte towards the uterus–peristalsis of uterine tube–movement of cilia –oocyte releases chemical attractants•sperm swim towards oocyte –flagella–prostaglandins (within the semen) stimulate uterine contractions that help propel sperm•capacitation (final maturation of the sperm) occurs within female–acrosomal membrane becomes fragilePrinciples of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11Fertilization•Fusion of a sperm with a secondary oocyte is called syngamy.•Polyspermy is prevented by chemical changes that prevent a second sperm from entering the


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