Anth 1102 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Gregory Mendel II. Dominant vs. Recessive III. Key points about genetics IV. Four aspects about genetic variationV. Implications of variation for Race/Ancestry Outline of Current Lecture I. Primates important to anthropology II. Homologous TraitsIII. Analogous TraitsIV. Three steps to determine shared evolutionary ancestorsV. PrimatesVI. Basic primate traitsVII. ApesVIII. Chimps and bonobosCurrent LectureI. Studying primates is important to anthropology because we humans are one of the great apesa. Want to study species whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (those wholive on the ground [terrestrial], social species)b. Want to study species most closely related to us genetically (chimps and gorillas)II. Homologous Traitsa. Traits that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor (grasping hands, grasping feet)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Analogous traitsa. Traits that are similar because they were adaptive for both species (wings on a bat andbird) IV. How do primatologists determine a shared evolutionary ancestor?1. Homologous traits in contemporary species2. Genetic similarities in contemporary species3. Fossils that have homologous traits and/or genetic similarities V. Primates:Common name Capuchins (New World Monkeys- South America)Tarsiers (Tarsiers- Indonesia)Lemurs ( Prosimians- Madagascar) Baboons (Old World Monkeys-Africa)Gibbons (Lesser Apes- South East Asia)Chimpanzees/Bonobos (Great Apes- Africa)VI. Basic Primate Traits1. Grasping hands (and feet): opposable thumbs 2. Shift from emphasis on smell to sight (stereoscopic vision)3. Shift from nose to hand as a tactile organ4. Increased brain complexity5. Increased parental investment6. Emphasis on socialityVII: Apes (Hominoids)a. Great Apes—Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, (Humans); and Lesser Apes—Gibbons, Siamangsb. Characteristics: larger-bodied, longer lifespans, fewer babies that are dependent for longer, more upright posturec. Many species brachiate (under the branch swinging)VIII: Chimpanzees and Bonobosa. Chimps and bonobos (aka pygmy chimpanzee) most closely related to humans, gorillas also very closely relatedb. Humans chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas share about 97% of our DNAc. All of these species live in Africa d. Female chimps are 88% of the height of the malesa. Similar to the sexual dimorphism of humans (phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species)e. Chimps also have strong social ties, form groups, defend territory, and wage warf. They use simple tools and in captivity have learned over 2—hand signs/ used in 2-word phrases g. Bonobos live in multi-male/multi-female groups; highly sexual (food for sex ) h. Bonobo groups are female-centered, peace-loving, and