ANTH 1102Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (August 26)Four subfields of anthropology:Linguistic (language) Archaeology (digging up artifacts) Cultural (contemporary interactions) Biological (human body)Lecture 2 (August 28) Culture is everything about people that’s not biological/genetic. Relevant to all 4 subfieldsEx- ability to walk is biological, but the way you walk is cultural.Anthropology says nature and nurture, since culture embraces both. Cultural Universals- present in all cultures: language, classification systems, kinship. Ethnography- process of documenting culture and the product of that documentation Fieldwork- going out there and participating in what you are trying to documentLecture 3 (September 2) Social media communicates over space and time and influences culture. Lecture 4 (September 4) Race is a recent cultural idea that humans invented around 400 years ago Notgood records of African migration, so archaeology looks at slave quarters, graves, disease patterns of the bones, etc. Culturally, the modern ideas about race are studied, through participant observation, ethnography, and fieldwork. The genetic diversity is studied through biological anthro, finding that there is more genetic variation within races. Linguistic studies the racial terminology and stuff like ebonics, dialect, etc. Groups used to be classified based on religion, then class. Biological variation is necessary for humans to evolveRace came about from an economic motivationRace is a flexible idea that changes over timeSince we invented race, we can control the future connotation. Ethnocentric-Oneself is culturally superior to othersLecture 5 (September 9)Racialization- forming racial groups Indentured servants consisted of blacks as well as poor whitesBacon’s Rebellion: class based uprising that sparked the idea of race; to divide and conquer the poor so they would not uniteSlaves started when the new America needed labor for the intense tobacco fields. 17th-19th century, scientists began to ask were all races fully human and were they equal?Linnaeus: he associated races with character traits, attitudes, and behavior (1st classification system)19th century; stated to measure skulls and human body to divide the racesFredrick Douglas agreed that it was more of an environment and social influence on racialization, rather than biological as the 19th century scientists thought.Eugenics- using “science” to engineer the “betterment of human kind”, developed by U.S.Franz Boaz- used science to prove eugenics wrong and created the 4 subfields of anthro. Culture relativity- other cultures’ ways cannot be easily compared to a different culture’s ways.Lecture 6 (September 11) Biological determinism; I.Q. used to determine racial intelligence-later realized that I.Q. is not entirely biological Issues with Do Muslim Women Need Saving?1. exoticizing gender oppression by making it seem far away 2. Over generalizing by saying all women in this Muslim world without specifying who, and the idea that women’s rights are compared to abolition Lecture 7 (September 16)Finding your roots video questions Lecture 8 (September 18)White is a blank slate that used to only mean protestant-anglo White was legally used in 1691 THREE EXPANSIONS OF WHITE IN USEarly 1800s- the movement for all “white” men to vote was considered “universal suffrage”Late 1800s- Germans considered white1940s-1950s- discrimination against housing policies towards blacks 1870 Census, blacks listed by name. In censuses before 1850, free did not equal white3 racial categories in South Africa, compated to many in Brazil. Blumenbach: he coined Caucasian as white because the most beautiful girls come from Caucasus, so they must be white. Also termed “mongoloid” “negroid” and “red” for others.Lecture 9 (September 23) Markedness- morphemes, syntax, phonology, race/ethnicity.-adding extra to the norm1639 law- blacks can’t carry guns Policies started limiting Native American freedom and landMexican American war took half of Mexico’s national territoryCalifornia Gold Rush stripped Indian land and lead to the indenture act of 1850Chinese Exclusion Act that prevent chinese migrants from u.s. citizenship Post-Civil war south: Jim Crow Laws-1896 Supreme court case: Plessy v. Fergusonbasically reinforced legality of “separate but equal” -1922 Supreme court cases:Japanese man then an Indian man sued to become citizens-1954 Brown v. Board of Education overturns ”separate but equal” -helped integrate Colorblind-dates back to dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson: “our constitution is colorblind, and neigher knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.Justice who used “colorblind” said that separate but equal is not constitutional-since this is in a legal document, civil rights activists in 40s and 50s to help dismantle segregation. -now a days, used by opponent of Affirmative action, by people opposed of integration -affirmative action: policy of attempting to redress historical