ANTH 1102 Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Artifacts in ContextII. Reconstructing the PastIII. The Big PictureIV. SkullsOutline of Current Lecture I. Our First AncestorsII. Proliferation of Proto-HumansIII. Turkana Boy FossilIV. NeanderthalsV. Modern Humans: Recent Out-Of-Africa TheoryVI. Human cultural adaptation Current LectureI. Our First Ancestorsa. 6 million years agob. Bipedalism was first change in fossilsi. NOT brain size!c. Retained some adaptations for climbing treesd. Potential adaptive advantages in changing to walk uprighti. Traveling through the Savanna was better on two feetii. See over long grass/shrubsiii. Carry items back to home baseiv. Reduce body’s exposure to solar radiation II. Proliferation of Proto-humansa. Earliest bipedal fossils have small brains and only use simple toolsb. There were different species coexisting and competing in Africai. Which produced many different adaptationsIII. Turkana Boy Fossil (from reading)a. He was one of the most complete proto-human skeletons ever foundThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Homo-erectusb. Research ethics: value/recognize Kenyan team members; employ youth and train them; dig their own wells in the desert. THEY CARED c. Putting fossils together is like a puzzle without the picture and missing many pieces (its hard!)d. Understanding how the local environment changed overtime by examining other animal species i. Wetter forest habitat species? Or arid, open-country species?ii. Major evolutionary changes correspond with major climate changes (ice ages/interglacial periods)e. The Great Fort Valley is a very important place for proto-human fossil discovery!IV. Neanderthals (homo neanderthalensis)a. Species of archaic homo sapiensb. Evolved to survive in Europe during ice agesc. Wore clothes and had complicated stone tools (hunted)d. Large front teeth with lots of weare. Used spears but had no spear throwersi. Perhaps why they died offii. Lots of injuries on Neanderthal fossilsV. Modern Humans: The Recent out-of-Africa Theorya. Humans almost died off 100 thousand years agob. Perhaps cognitive adaptation enables survival/migrationsc. This model explains contemporary genetic variation better than raceVI. Human Cultural Adaptationsa. For over 100,000 years, all humans were hunter-gatherersb. Almost all living in small “bands” of related individuals some basic division of