CHAPTER 7Beyond Bureaucracy?- The Japanese Modelo Bottom up decision making George Ritzers The McDonaldization of Society- Efficient methods for accomplishing taskso Fastest way from point a to point b - Calculabilityo Quantity over quality- Uniformityo Predictability and standardization- Control through automationo Workers replaced by machines- People Join organizations to acquire social capitalo The social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence “Bridging social capital” – brings people together from different backgrounds “Bonding social capital” – same status, same group, etc… CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND CRIME- Normso Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situationso Whose rules?- Norms reflect divisions of power and classo Criminology: the scientific study of crime, deviance, and social policies that the criminal justice system applies- Devianceo Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or societyo Can be perpetrated by individuals or groups- Deviant subculture- A subculture whos members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority- Heaven’s Gate cult- Can be POSITIVE deviance (anything outside the norm…do better than everyone on a test for example)o Sanctions- A mode of reward (positive) or punishment (negative) that reinforces socially accepted forms of behavior- Formal and informal sanctions- Lawso Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backedby state power- Crimeo Any action that violates the law established by a political authority- Formal-laws, grounding informal-harrass, make fun ofo Biological view of deviance- Genetic or biological predisposition to devieance- Phrenology- the shape of the human skull was indicative of the personality and could be used to predict criminalityo Psychological view of deviance- Deviance perpetrated by particular personality types- Psychopaths- Individuals who lack the moral sense and concern for others held by most normal peopleo Sociological theories- Definition of crime depends on a society’s culture and social institutions - People decide collectively what is or is not criminal- Powerful people and groups have greater influence over definition of crimeo Functionalism- Emile Durkheim- Anomieo Situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior- Deviance has:o Adaptive functionso Boundary maintenance functions- Robert Merton- aspiration and inequality- Typology of Deviance1. Conformity2. Innovation3. Ritualism4. Retreatism5.
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