Sociology Chapter Nine NotesGlobalization- the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the worldGlobal inequality- the systematic difference in wealth and power between countriesGini Index- pronounced like Genie- Statistical measure of inequality- Ranges from 0 to 1- Represents the proportion of a country’s income that would have to be redistributed in order to achieve perfect equality among households- Higher values represent greater levels of inequalityHigh Income Countries- Highly industrialized- 15.5% of world’s population- 75.8% of world’s wealthMiddle Income Countries- Diverse group- Varying levels of industrialization- 46.7% of world’s population- 20.8% of world’s wealthLow Income Countries- Diverse group- Mostly agricultural, in early phase of industrialization- 36.36% of the world’s population- 3.33% of the world’s wealth- High population growthHealth Status- Differences in access to and quality of health care facilities- Difference in overall cleanliness- Water, sanitation, soil, air- Rates of infectious diseases may varyHunger, Malnutrition and Famine- Differences in access to and quality of food due to natural and social forces- Drought- Conflict and war- Economic problems- Labor force shortagesEducation and Literacy- Quality of years of education affect economic development- High wage industries need skilled workforce- Educated people are more likely to escape poverty- Educated people have fewer childrenMarket-Oriented Theories- Argue that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, uninhibited by governmental restraint- Modernization theory- Low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economical institutions, technologies and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investments- Neoliberalism- Free market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growthDependency theories- Marxist theories that argue that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations that are based in wealthy countries- Colonialism- The process whereby western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territoriesWorld systems theory- Immanuel Wallerstein- Countries are connected by the expansion of a capitalist world economy made up of core, semi periphery, periphery nations- World market for goods and labor- Division of population into economic classes- International system of formal and informal political relations- Division of world into three unequal economic zones- CORE:- Post-industrial, well developed nations- Political, economic and military power necessary to exploit unequal rates of exchange- Capital is concentrated in these countries- Have the power to take advantage of semi-peripheral and peripheral nations- PERIPHERY:- Have a marginal role in the world economy, dependent on the core nations for trading relationships- Exploited by core and semi-periphery- Underdeveloped countries- Very little economic, political or military power- Often rich in natural resources- SEMIPERIPHERY- Supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core- Not fully industrialized societies- Intermediate development- Produce goods the core nations no longer find profitable- Exploited by core but also by exploit periphery- Create a buffer between core and