SOCIOLOGY September 13, 2013Google Norton study space… go to bottom… click on sociology… click on textbook…. Click on each chapter and takes practice diagnostic quizzes. For exam chapter 1-4!!!!!!!!!!Society- Group of people living in a given territory governed by a common political authority and guided by a common culture- System of interrelationshipsCutlrure&Society- Culture makes society possible- No culture could exist without society, no society could exist without culture- Social Controlo Informal-gossip, ostracizingo Formal- parking ticket, prison- Cultural Toolkit- have these experiences throughout our lives, categorize our experiences with other cultures, to where we begin to be able to pick and choose throughout our lives and make use of it when the time comes. - Cultural Capital- the experiences in each cultureDevelopment of Human Culture- Ability for abstract thought- Adaption to physical environment- Use culture to compensate for physical limitations- Early on culture was dependent on location- Nature or Nurture?o One of the oldest debates in scienceo Are we shaped by biology or simply a product of life experiences?- Influence of Sociobiologyo The application of biological principles to explain the social activities of human beings. - Nature and nurture interact to produce human behavior- Subcultureo A group whose values and norms are distinct from the majorityo Goths, hackers, hippies, Rastafarians, Hip-hop fanso Develop around groups (youth culture) and occupations (truck drivers, coal miners, etc.)o Countercultures reject the parent culture- Assimilationo Process by which different cultures are absorbed into the mainstream culture (the melting pot)- Multiculturalism (Acculturation)o Groups remain culturally distinct but share equally in economic and political life (a mixedsalad)- Ethnocentrismo Judging other cultures through the lens of one’s own cultureo Culture shocko Can lead to misrepresentations and unfair judgments- Cultural Relativismo Judging other cultures by their own standards to understand them bettero Useful for understanding differences in culturally diverse societies- Cultural Universalso Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultureso Family systems and marriageo Art, dancing, and body adornmentso Games, gift giving, and jokingo Rules of hygieneo Language Linguistic relativity hypothesis Speech and writingo Signifier/symbols Any vehicle of meaning and communicationo Semiotics Study of how nonlinguistic phenomena generate meaningPremodern Societies- Hunting and gathering societieso Oldest, but now close to disappearingo Very small-typically 30 to 40 peopleo Few material possessionso Tended toward equality and cooperation- Pastoral and Agrarian Societieso Second oldest type of societyo Tending of domesticated animals in pastoral societieso Cultivation of crops in agrarian societieso Some accumulation of material possessionso More inequality, competition, and concentration of power- Traditional societies and civilizationso Third oldest type of societyo Disappeared in the 1800so Cities, great inequalities of power and wealth, and ruled by kings or emperorso Major inequalities among different classesoo Distinct apparatus of government headed by king or emperorIndustrializationo Machine production based on use of inanimate power resourceso Broke down premodern societieso Technological innovationo Mostly urbano More developed political system Nation-states – “political communities with clearly delimited borders and extensive powers over many aspects of citizens’