PSY 322 Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Anxiety disorders part 1Outline of Current Lecture II.Causes of specific phobia (continued from last lec.)a.Treatment III.Panic attacksa.Agoraphobia b.Causes of panic disorderc.Treatment Current LectureII. Causes of specific phobiaThese phobias are learned behavior through:- Direct experience – happened to you- Vicarious conditioning - you were witness - Information transformation – taught to youWomen tend to have more phobias because culturally, we find it more acceptable for women to express fear. This begins as children due to how parents deal with these fears.Girls are told its okay to be afraid whereas boys are told to man up.Treatment: Phobias are irrational fears or fears of things that aren’t dangerous. These fears can be remedied through: exposure, relaxation or muscle contraction, and learning that these fears are irrational and mentally working through it that way.III. Anxiety disorders part 2Panic attacks: a sudden experience of intense fear of acute discomfort usually accompanied by physical symptoms of anxiety.Many people with anxiety disorders will have panic attacks. These attacks have a rapid onset and typically last several minutes. People often interpret panics as heart attacks and seek medical attention.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3 types of attacks:1. Situationally bound/cued – always in particular situation2. Unexpected/uncued – randomly happens in any situation3. Situationally predisposed – sometimes happens in particular situation1&3 do not imply disorderSymptoms: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. Also at least one panic attack is followed by one month or more by one of the following:- Persistent concern about having another panic attack or the consequences of the attack.- Significant maladaptive change in behavior due to the attackAgoraphobia: Fear of being in public because of some other form of embarrassing physical symptoms. Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable in two or more of the following: - Using public transport- Being in open public spaces- Being in a crowd- Being away from home alone- Being in enclosed public spaces: fear of having a panic attack in one of these situations. Exiting is difficult or embarrassing- Help may not be available- Situation always or almost always provokes fear or anxiety- Actively avoid situation, need a companion or endure with stress- Clinically significant distress/ impairment*Difference or specific phobias, agoraphobias, social phobias have to dowith what the individuals is actually afraid of, not necessarily the situation.Prevalence of panic:3.5% or population has met criteria for panic in their lives.2:1 ratio for women:menOnset typically around ages 15-24Rare in pre-pubescent childrenAgoraphobia is much more common in women.Causes of panic disorderbiochemical abnormalities/ sensitivity to biological challenges resembling anxious arousal – panic provocation agents.Amygdala : overactive “fear circuits” in the brainFear of fear modelCatastrophizing physical symptoms of anxiety/ anxiety sensitivity- Biological symptoms make us think we’re panicking ie: sweating, increased heart rate etc.Too much of these things can also cause panic: lactic acid, carbon dioxide, sodium lactate. Treatment-interroexposure: exercises designed to induce sensations of panic. Patients practice the ones most like symptoms so that they understand these are merely bodily sensations and do not imply impending doom.-situation exposure-cognitive