Anatomy and Physiology 205Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (September 3)I. Why is Anatomy and Physiology important?a. It is useful in athletic training, therapeutic recreation, occupational and physical therapy. It also plays a part in sports management, community health, and fitness. Anatomy and Physiology is seen in the news all the time. Think of televised sporting events or even individuals on the news that are suffering from a physical injury.II.What is the study of Anatomy?a.It is the study of formIII.What is the study of Physiology?a.It is the study of functionIV. What is the human hierarchy of complexity?a. AtomsMoleculesOrganellescellstissuesorgansorgan systemsV. How do humans express anatomical variation?a. Humans can have multiples of the same organ (only a select few) and the structure of the organs can varyVI. What are the basic human functions?a. Metabolism, organization, cellular composition, excretion, movement, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, and evolutionVII.How do humans express physiological variation?a. Through their age, gender, sex, amount of physical activity, and dietVIII.Define homeostasis and its importance in the human bodya. Homeostasis is where the body can function healthily within a certain range. If the body loses homeostasis it can become ill or die, therefore it is extremely important. IX. What is a negative feedback loop? A positive feedback loop? a. A negative feedback loop is where homeostasis disrupted and the body takes actions to reverse the problem. b. A positive feedback loop is where homeostasis is disrupted and the body does nothing to correct the problemLecture 2 (September 8) I. What is the Modern Cell Theory and how did it develop?a. The modern cell theory states that that all organisms are composed of cells and cell products, a cell is the SIMPLEST structure for a unit of life, that an organismsfunctions are due to the activities in a cell, cells come from PREexisting cells, and there are fundamental similarities in cells of all species. It developed from Hooke,Schwann, and PasteurII.What are the different kinds of cellular structure?a.Squamous is flat, thin, and angular. Cuboidal is more wide than tall (a cube), Columnar are narrow and elongated, Discoids resemble a disc, Spheroids are more round and oval looking, Polygonal have more than four sides, and Fusiformare wider in the middle and tapered at the ends, Fibrous are long and slender, and Stellate are star shaped. III.Describe the cell’s plasma membranea.The cell’s membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. It has two layers. The inside of the layers are the phospholipid’s tails which is hydrophobic meaning water fearing. The outside of the membrane are the heads of the phospholipid’s and are hydrophilic meaning water loving. The cell membrane has cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, and cytoskeleton filaments within it that all perform different functions. IV. How do cells move? How do cells let solutes in?a. Cells move by using microvilli, cilia, and flagella. Each all aid in absorbing, moving and “sensing.” Solutes enter the cell either by different forms of diffusion, osmosis, or active transport V. Describe the cytoplasm and its functionsa. The cytoplasm has a gel like texture that exists from the intracellular side of the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Its function is to keep organelles loosely in place. Organelles can still move around, but not completely freely. Lecture 3 (September 10)I. Name the Organelles and their functionsa. Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. It is made of a bilayer, and within the mitochondria is a matrix called cristae. Its function is to extract energy. b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes protein. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for detoxing harmful substances. Both ER’s are attached by channels called cisternae. c. The Golgi Apparatus sorts, processes and packages protein. It also directs rER to the correct destination. d. Lysosomes control intercellular digestion. They act as a demolition crew within the cell, are in control of autolysis (cell death), and break down glycogen. Lysosomes are made in the golgi apparatus. e. Peroxisomes also break things down in the cell. They are not produced in the golgi apparatus however. f. Centrioles play a role in cell division. They form the flagella and cilia. They are located in the nucleus. g. Cytoskeleton is the framework of the cell. The way it is constructed determinesthe shape and function of the cell. The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. All of these are made of protein.h. Nucleus- it is the brain of the cell. It directs every other organelle. Surrounded in a layer called the nuclear envelope.Lecture 4 (September 15)I. How does the plasma membrane control what goes in and out?a. It is semi-permeable so it can regulate what goes in and outII.What is passive transport?a.A type of transportation where the cell uses no energy and the solutes go from ahigh concentration to a low concentrationIII.What is active transportation?IV.A type of transportation that requires energy and the solutes go from a low concentration to a high concentrationV. What does carrier mediated mean?a. It acts as a helper or carrier to transport solutes across the cell membraneVI. What does non carrier mediated mean?a. That the solute needs no help or carrier to cross the cell membraneVII.Are active/passive transport and carrier/non carrier mediated interrelated?a. Yes, each type of transportation requires passive/active transportation AND carrier/non carrier mediation. Lecture 5 (September 17)I. What is the study of tissues and organs called?a. HistologyII. What are the four primary tissue classes?a. Epithelial, Connective Tissue, Muscular, NervousIII. What is epithelial tissue? Describe the formIV. Epithelial tissue is the skin. It is flat with one or more layers that sit on the basement membrane. Because of its flat shape there are no blood vessels so connective tissues provide blood flow underneath the epithelial cells. V.What are two different features for tissues?a.Simple and stratifiedVI.Name the three different types of sections tissues can be “viewed” bya.Longitudinal, Cross Section, and ObliqueVII.Name the four simple epithelial tissues and their functionsa. Simple squamous-one layer that allows rapid diffusion and secretes serous fluid. It is located primarily in the