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UWL ESS 205 - Cell Structure

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ESS 205 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Why is Anatomy and Physiology important?II.Anatomy being the study of formIII.Physiology being the study of functionIV. Human Structurea. Anatomical Variationb. Human Functionc. Physiological Variationd. Homeostasise. Negative and Positive Feedback LoopsV. Analyzing Anatomical Termsa. Terminology Outline of Current Lecture II. Development of Cell TheoryIII.Concepts of Cellular StructureIV.Cell SurfaceV. Membrane TransportVI. CytoplasmCurrent Lecture1. Hooke was the first to name “the cell” the cell. He was observing a cork. Schwann thenstated that all living animals come from cells. Pasteur’s research observed that organism cannot spontaneously generate; meaning that non living organisms cannot turn into living organisms. These 4 men ultimately led others to develop the Modern Cell Theory. a. The principles of this theory is that all organisms are composed of cells and cell products, a cell is the SIMPLEST structure for a unit of life, that an organisms functions are due to the activities in a cell, cells come from PREexisting cells, and there are fundamental similarities in cells of all species. 2. There are different shapes of cells. These shapes determine function and location. There are more than 200 different shapes, but the key shapes to memorize are: Cuboidal; which are squarish, Squamous; which are thin, flat and angular, Discoid; These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.which have a disc shape (blood cells), Spheroid; round to oval, Polygonal; irregular shapes and more than four sides, Fusiform; thick middles and tapered ends, Columnar;which are taller than wide (like a column), Fibrous; long and slender, and finally Stellate; which are star shaped. 3. Next is Cell Surface which is the Plasma Membrane. We are now talking about what a cell consists of. The Plasma Membrane is a phospholipid bilayer which means it has two layers. The layers are made up of fat or lipids with the inside tails being hydrophobic (water fearing) and the outside heads being hydrophilic (water loving). Within these layers are different things. There are proteins that let solutes pass through, cholesterol, glycolipids and also filaments of the cytoskeleton. The job of the plasma membrane is to control what goes into the cell and what goes out. a. The membrane surface also has functions. It is made up of microvilli, cilia, and flagella. These all aid in moving, absorbing, or “sensing.”4. Cytoplasm. This gel like fluid is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are the organelles, cytosol and other inclusions. The point of the cytoplasm is to keep things “loosely” in place. Organelles can move, but they generally stay in a specific location. 5. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network within the cytoplasm. It has interconnected channels called cisternae. DO NOT MIX UP CRISTAE and CISTERNAE! The ER has both rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the outside of it, hence the name rough ER. It is responsible for making proteins. The smooth ER has no ribosomes attached to it, and is responsible for detoxing harmful substances. PLEASE NOTE THE ROUGH ER AND SMOOTH ER ARE STILL CONNECTED. 6. The Mitochondria is the “power house” of the cell. It has a bilayer and within those layers are folds called cristae. The function of the mitochondria is to extract cell energy(ATP).7. Ribosomes are small dark dots or granules. They are responsible for protein synthesis. They also “read” genetic code and assemble amino acids into proteins. 8. The Golgi Apparatus is much like a traffic cop in the sense that it sorts, processes, and packages proteins. It also sends rER proteins to the correct destination.9. Lysosomes control intracellular digestion. They break down glycogen and are like a demolition crew within the cell. They are also in control of cell death called autolysis. These lysosomes are produced in the golgi apparatus10. Peroxisomes much like lysosomes, break down things in the cell. The difference between the two are that peroxisomes are not produced in the golgi apparatus. 11. The Centrioles play a role in cell division. They also form the basis for flagella and cilia. They lie in the nucleus at a place called the centrosome. 12. The Cytoskeleton. However the cytoskeleton is constructed determines the shape and function of the cell. They are composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. All of these structures are PROTEIN.13. Lastly, is the Nucleus. This is the brain of the cell. It is like a conductor in the sense thatit directs everything else. It has an envelope around it called the nuclear


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