GEO-SCI 103 Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Significance in Studying OceanographyII. Specialties and different types of Oceanography (what is it?)III. Ocean Circulation TodayIV. Monitoring Weather EventsV. Scientific MethodOutline of Current Lecture (Chapter 1 Continued) I. Brief History of Ocean ExplorationA. Important Figures and Contributors to Ocean ExplorationB. The Growth of Scientific Study of the Ocean OvertimeII. Latitude and LongitudeA. SignificanceB. Latitude Terminology and DefinitionC. Longitude Terminology and DefinitionIII. Latitude, Climate Zones and the Circumference of the EarthA. Earth’s Orbital CharacteristicsB. Eratosthenes determines Earth is a Sphere IV. Navigation: Finding Your Way at SeaA. Before the GPSB. Navigation TodayCurrent LectureI. Brief History of Ocean Exploration- HMS Challenger embarked on the first cruise dedicated entirely to the scientific exploration of the ocean which lasted from December, 1872 until May 1876.- Greek Classical Period (484-425 BC)intellectual exploration led to several significant accomplishments, most notably by Herodotus. Provided a basis for the first reasonable map of the known world- Hellenistic Period (300 BC)great fusion of Greek philosophy with eastern mathematical skills These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Technology and techniques using the astrolabe, a predecessor of the modern sextant that uses the position of the sun and stars to determine location, provided the basis for the Age of Exploration that began in the 15th century AD. By the fall of the Roman Empire (A.D. 476), the following was known: 1. The actual size and shape of the Earth2. The ocean surrounded all the continents3. Basic navigational techniques, and4. The essential principles of making mapsImportant Figures and Contributors to Ocean Exploration:- Alexander the Greatsubsequently conquered the Persians and other civilizations around 330 B.C, which led to the interaction of Greek Philosophywith eastern mathematical skills that provided a basis for the Hellenistic Period. - Eratosthenesfirst person to calculate the circumference of the Earth by applying a measuring system that accurately calculated the tilt of the Earth’s axis (June 21st)- Vasco da Gama The first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route. Various discoveries breached opportunities for an age of global imperialism. - Christopher Columbus Completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean,as his efforts to establish permanent settlements initiated colonization of the “New World”Important Figures Continued…- Captain James Cooksailed as far south as possible at that time investigating the possible existence of a continent (now known as Antarctica.He also charted many islands in the South Pacific during his three voyages from 1768-1779. - Charles DarwinDuring the voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836), he researched the origin of coral atolls in addition to his famous observations on natural selection.- The era of scientific ocean drilling began in 1968, with the first voyage of the Glomar Challenger. o This drilling ship bored over 600 holes into the seafloor, and the results were instrumental in documenting the processes of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics- After the retirement of the Glomar Challenger in 1983, the work of the ship was transferred to the JOIDES Resolution, which continues today as the premier research platform criThe Growth of Scientific Study of the Ocean Overtime:I. The Dawn of Civilization (1200 B.C-about 400 B.C)Phoenicians sail the seasII. The Greek Classical Period (400 B.C- approx. 323 B.C) Description of the worldIII. The Hellenistic Period (roughly 323 B.C.-30 B.C.)Successful measurement of the Earth’s circumferenceIV. The Romans (30 B.C.-500 A.D)numerous publications about geographyV. The Arab Development (500 A.D-approx. 1400 A.D)Arab civilizations develop navigation instrumentsVI. The Age of Exploration (1400 A.D-approx. 1800 A.D)ocean exploration beginsVII. Scientific Explorations (18th-19th centuries)Voyages of Cook, DarwinVIII. The Age of “Big Science” (1873-Present)HMS Challenger, JOIDES ResolutionII. Latitude and Longitude A. Significancea. If you know your latitude and longitude precisely, this will help in directing recourses to a certain/desired location.b. On a map, lines of latitude and longitude appear as a grid system that pinpoints each location on the Earth’s surface with a unique set of coordinatesc. Latitude and longitude represent the angles made between a perpendicular line that passes through the center of the Earth and a perpendicular line in a reference plane, either the Equator (latitude) or Prime Meridian (longitude) B. Latitudea. Definition: the angular distance of a place north or south of the Earth’s equatorb. Terminology1. “Parallels”east-west grid lines that are parallel to the Equator2. 0°-90° N= Northern Hemisphere3. 0°-90°S = Southern Hemisphere4. 1 degree latitude= 60 nautical miles=(111.32 km)5. 1’latitude= 1 nautical mile6. Distances between latitudes are the same everywhere on Earth’s surface at all locationsC. Longitudea. Definition: Geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth’s surface. It is an angular measurement, expressed in degreesb. Terminology1. “Meridians” north-south grid lines that intersect at the poles2. 0 °= “Prime Meridian” (passes through Greenwich, England3. 180°= halfway around the earth4. 0°-180° WThe west of Greenwich is the Western Hemisphere5. 0-180 EThe east of Greenwich is the Eastern Hemisphere6. Longitudinal distances vary with distance from the equator III. Latitude, Climate Zones and the Circumference of the EarthA. Earth’s Orbital Characteristicsa. Axis of Rotation= 23°30’ (23.5°)b. Each degree is divided into 60 minutesc. Latitude and Longituded. Equator (0°)the sun is directly overhead on or about March 21 (N. Hemisphere “spring) and September 21 (N. Hemisphere “fall”)e. Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) The sun is directly overhead on or about June 21 (N. Hemisphere “summer”)f. Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)The sun is directly overhead on or about December 21 (N. Hemisphere “winter”)g. Arctic Circle (66.5°N)The sun