GEO-SCI 103 Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture 6: Water and OceanI. Types of Marine SedimentsII. The Unusual Structure of Water III. Unique Properties of Water IV. The Hydrologic Cycle and Heat TransferV. Seawater Salinity: the Salt of the OceanVI. Residence Time of water in the OceanVII. Element Cycling and History of SeawaterOutline of Current Lecture: Solar Heating of Earth and transfer of Heat (p. 126-129)I. Solar Energy, Winds, and Ocean CurrentsA. The SunB. Low versus High LatitudesC. Temperature vs. PressureII. The Seasons: Behind the Wheel of Climate ChangeA. Annual Change of SeasonsB. Solstice vs. Equinox Current LectureI. Solar Energy, Winds and Ocean CurrentsA. The Suna. The energy that powers the surface processes of the Earth comes fromthe sun (evaporates water which generates the winds that move the currents and waves, also drives photosynthesis)b. The distribution of incoming solar radiation (insolation) across Earth’s surface is uneven because of the spherical shape of the planetc. Plane of the Ellipticsignificant seasonal changes in the amount of solar radiation received at any given latitude because the Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane around the sunB. Low Latitudes vs. High Latitudesa. Low LatitudesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Tropical Climate Belt (0 degrees to -23.5 north and south latitude) receives abundant solar radiation throughout the year because of the high angle of solar incidence. 2. The tropical ocean receives more solar energy than it losesb. High Latitudes 1. (60 degrees north or south to the poles) experience a net loss of insolation over the course of the year because of the lower angle of solar incidence. C. Temperature vs. Pressure a. Differences between the temperature or pressure in the atmosphere or ocean across the globe cause the air or water to move in directions thatcorrect the unequal heat distribution b. Water masses and air masses move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure1. High Pressure Zonestropical regions2. Low Pressure Zonespersist over the polesD. Transfer of Heat into Atmospherea. Hydrologic Cycle1. Evaporation of Water during the Hydrologic Cycle a. Hydrogen bonds are broken down during evaporation and latent heat is removed from the ocean2. As moisture rich air masses cool, condensation of water vapor causes tiny water droplets to form, clouds to build and precipitation to fall. b. Large Surface Currents 1. Subtropical gyrescircular patterns of currents that transport warm waters toward the pole along the western sides of the ocean basins and cool waters toward the equator along the eastern side. 2. The Gulf Stream (warm), Canary Current (cool: North Atlantic), Kuroshio Current (warm) and the California Current (cool: North Pacific) are examples of these circulation patterns.II. The Seasons: Behind the Wheel of the Climate Engine:A. Annual change of the seasonsa. The annual change of the seasons (summer, fall, winter and spring) has a profound influence on the distribution of heat during the course of a year. b. The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees relative to its orbit aroundthe sun (plane of the ecliptic). This axis tilt results in the succession of seasons because distribution of most intense sunlight and solar insolation shifts between the Northern and Southern hemispheres as the Earth moves in obit around the sunB. Solstice vs. Equinoxa. Summer Solsticethe most intense rays of the sun shine directly downon 23.5 degrees north latitude (Tropic of Cancer)b. Winter Solstice:when the most intense radiation is centered at 23.5 Degrees (Tropic of Capricorn)c. Equinox occurs twice a year between the two solstices, when the sun is directly over the equator1. At the time of the equinox the length of day and night is equal (12 hours) everywhere across the surface of the earthd. Perihelion When the earth is closest to the Sun, around January 3rd because the Earth’s orbit is slightly elliptical e. Aphelionwhen the Earth is farthest away from the Sun (July 6th)f. Eccentricitydescribes the degree of deviation from a perfect circle: the greater the eccentricity the greater the elliptical deviation from a circle. A perfect circle has an eccentricity of 0 and a flattened circle (straight line) would have an eccentricity of