GEO-SCI 103 Lecture 10Outline of Current Lecture 9: Coriolis effect (p. 132-133)I. Earth’s Rotation and the Coriolis Effect A. VelocityB. How the Coriolis Deflection Differs Across LatitudeOutline of Current Lecture 10: Prevailing Winds and Climate Zones (p. 130-137)I. Prevailing Winds and Climate ZonesA. Prevailing WindsB. Trade WindsII. Diagram of Different ZonesCurrent Lecture:I. Prevailing Winds and Climate ZonesA. Prevailing Winds: The distinct global zones of weather development and migration. These Zones comprise belts that stretch around the globe between specific latitudes a. Specific Latitudes include: TROPICAL ZONE (0-23.5 degrees latitude), TEMPERATE ZONE (23.5-66.5 degrees latitude), or POLAR ZONES (66.5-90 degrees) and they are categorized by distinct prevailing winds b. Areas where air masses rise (LOW atmospheric pressure) are characterized by precipitation>evaporation)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Areas where air masses sink (HIGH atmospheric pressure) are characterized by evaporation>precipitation)d. The heat energy that the tropical ocean receives is transferred to the atmosphere at the equator. This warmed air rises, forming a low pressure center, and winds blow towards the equator to replace this air.This Hadley cell circulation drives the pattern of surface winds across the entire globeB. Trade Windsa. Northeast Trade Winds: occurs north of the Equator—among the most constant winds on the planet, except in the Pacific during an El Nino event.b. Southeast Trade Winds: Occurs south of the Equator—among the most constant winds on the planet, except in the Pacific during an El Nino event.1. The meeting of the NE Trades and the SE Trades near the Equator is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)2. As hot, moist air masses rise in the ITCZ, these air masses cool andwater vapor condenses to produce abundant precipitation (region=”doldrums”)3. The position of the ITCZ moves seasonally and is north of the equator in most regions due to unequal distribution of land and sea between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere4. The region between eastern Africa and Southeast Asia Experiences the greatest seasonal shifts in the position of the ITCZ. 5. An extended period of rain associated with the seasonal movement of the ITCZ and a resultant shift in the prevailing winds is called a monsoon (tropical rain forests)Equatorial low and theIntertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): near 0 degrees latitudeSubtropical High: (20-35 degrees N & S latitude)Subpolar Low and thePolar Front (35-60 degrees N & S latitude)Conditions in the Tropical Zone: (low latitudes)- Prevailing wind: Trade Winds: Hadley Cell- Most persistent winds on planet, except during El Nino events whentrade wind strength is greatly diminished in the tropical Pacific- Modest seasonality in some regions, large excursions of ITCZ inother regions to produce strong seasonal changes in precipitation related to monsoon (dry season/rainy season)Conditions in the Temperate Zone: (mid latitudes)- Prevailing Winds: Westerlies- Strong seasonality (related to movement ofPolar Front)- Fast moving current of air (jet stream) meanders along the steep temperature and pressure gradients where polar and Conditions in the Polar Zones (high latitudes)- Prevailing winds: Polar Easterlies- Precipitation decreasestowards the poles- Sea-ice formation during the winter from the icy cold seas of the Artic and Antarctic Polar High Surface Ocean Characteristics:- Precipitation increases toward the ITCZ (warm to very warm surface waters- The area where tropical cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons) can grow and strengthen. Surface Ocean Characteristics:- Very warm surface waters with relatively low salinity (high precipitation in tropical regions)tropical air masses meet- Ample precipitation in all seasons which resultsin warm to cool surface waters with relatively low surface saltiness away from the subtropics Surface Ocean Characteristics: - Warm surface waters with relatively high salinity, high evaporation in subtropics - Icy cold surface waters(year