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UMass Amherst GEO-SCI 103 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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GEO-SCI 103 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 15-18Lecture 15: Primary Productivity and the cycling of Nutrients (11/4). 5 Kingdoms of life (p. 176-177)1. Why are bacteria important?2. Which kingdoms include marine autotrophs?.. Adaptations for floating or maintaining position in the water column (p. 180) . 1. Plankton – Why are plankton so small? What adaptive advantage does this provide? large surface area to volume ratio (tiny size, flat shape, chains) oil droplets 2. Nekton fast swimming swim bladders Controls on the distribution of marine organisms (p. 180-185) 1. Salinity (p. 180-181) . • osmosis and osmotic pressure 2. Temperature (p. 181) -metabolic rates are temperature dependent -amount of dissolved gas in water is temperature dependent 3. Viscosity (p. 180) -cold water plankton vs. warm water plankton -shapes of the nekton 4. Distribution of inorganic nutrients (p. 182-183, 184-185)• what is the primary source of the nutrients needed for photosynthesis? • why are deep waters a "nutrient sink", that is, a storehouse for nutrients? • thermocline and pycnocline act as a "barrier" or "density doorway" to the vertical diffusion of nutrients 5. Solar radiation (p. 182-183) • water clarity (coastal waters vs. open ocean) • latitude and seasonal changes (angle of incidence; tropics vs. polar) Primary productivity (p. 182-183) 1. What is primary productivity?be sure to know the generalized formula for photosynthesis and how it works2. What two ingredients are required to drive primary productivity via photosynthesis? 3. What do the seasons, latitude, and upper water column structure have to do withproductivity?I. Studying Marine OrganismsA. Classifying Organismsa) Classification By Nutrition:1. Autotrophic Organisms make their own food usually by the process of photosynthesis. (ex: unicellular diatoms, multicellular algae/seaweed, vascular plants)2. Heterotrophic Organisms: those that survive on other organisms or their by products as a source. a. Grazers: float in the water and feed upon microscopic autotrophic organisms that surround then (unicellular or very small planktonic organisms)b. Predators: constitute the larger members of the ocean community thatfeed upon smaller animals (tuna, sharks, jellyfish, toothed whales)c. Filter Feeders are able to capture and strain organic particles or small organisms suspended in the water column, or pump large volumes of seawater through their bodies and extract organic material that the water contains (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, corals, barnacles, anemones, krill)d. Scavengers: organisms that subsist primarily on the decaying remains of other creatures (sea stars, sea urchins, crabs)e. Deposit Feeders: animals that crawl on or through the bottom sediments of the ocean and extract bits of food (marine worms and snails)b) Classification By Habitat: organisms can either live in the water column (pelagic) or the sea floor (benthic)c) Classification by Mobility1. Motile organisms can move about as free swimmers (nekton), floaters (plankton), or on the bottom (benthon)d) Classification by Taxonomy: the most familiar way of classifying life that arranges organisms according to their cellular type (prokaryote, eukaryote), body plan and development, nutrition and how the various body parts function B. 5 Kingdoms of Lifea) Kingdom Monera (bacteria, archaea)1. Must be tiny cells which lack membrane bounded nucleus and contain DNA (prokaryotic cells 2. Heterotrophic bacteria (consumes and decomposers)3. Autotrophic bacteria (photosynthetic cyanobacteria and chemosynthetic bacteriab) Kingdom Protoctista (algae, protists, slime molds)1. Cells which have a membrane bound NUCLEAUS and usually contain mitochondria, plastids and Golgi bodies (eukaryotic cells; advanced cells evolved via bacterial symbiosis)2. Not bacteria, not fungi, not plant or animal3. Most are larger than bacteria4. Diverse in structure and feeding (autotrophic and heterotrophic forms)5. Many are UNCELLULAR (single-celled organisms called PROTISTS) including all phytoplankton in the ocean and other microscopic protozoans 6. MULTICELLULAR FORMS include (green, brown and red algae/seaweedc) Kingdom Fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)1. All have NUCLEATED cells2. Develop from SPORES which are resistant to drying3. Mostly TERRESTRIAL (living on land in moist air)4. Require food in the form of organic compounds (like animals) but digest food outside rather than inside their bodies by releasing enzymes onto their food and decomposing it (SAPPORTROPHIC)d) Kingdom Plantae (plants)1. Develop from an embryo surrounded by tissue of female parent2. All are MULTICELLULAR and each nucleated cell is covered by a cell wall composed of cellulose3. Most conduct PHOTOSYNTHESIS: produce oxygen and use green pigment chlorophyll to make their own food by reducing carbon dioxide (AUTOTROPHIC)4. Include salt marsh grasses, turtle and eel grasses, mangrove treese) Kingdom Animalia (animals)1. Develop from a type of embryo called a BALASTULA (multicellular hallow sphere) formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm2. All are MULTICELLULAR with nucleated cells3. Require food in the form of organic compounds (HETEROTROPHIC), other organisms or the remains of other organisms 4. Includes invertebrates and vertebrates: sponges to squid and tiny zooplankton to huge cetaceans (whales) and humans II. The Distribution of Life in the OceanA. Where life is concentrateda) Availability of sunlight and the amount of nutrients in the water ultimately determine where life is concentrated b) Pelagic Environment: refers to the water column (from the surface to the bottom)c) Benthic Environment: refers to the seafloor (from a salt marsh or beach to the deepest trench)d) There are many more species that live in the BENTHIC zone (98% of all animal species) than in the Pelagic zone (2%) because of the greater variety of habitats available for exploration and specialization on the seabed compared with the water column B. Organisms Classified by Lifestyle a) Plankton: All organisms that drift with ocean current and are “passive floaters”1. Phytoplanktona. Microscopic unicellular (single celled)b. Photosynthetic algae (diatoms)2. Zooplankton: a. Multicellular animals (copepods, krill, jellies, salpsb. Microscopic single celled protists (ciliates, flagellates)3. Bacterioplanktona. Heterotrophic and photosynthetic forms of bacteria (cyanobacteria)4. Meroplanktona. Larval stages of familiar marine


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UMass Amherst GEO-SCI 103 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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