GEO-SCI 103 Lecture 15Outline of Current Lecture: Primary productivity and the cycling of nutrients (11/4/14) pages (178-185)I. Studying Marine OrganismsA. Classifying OrganismsB. 5 Kingdoms of Life II. The Distribution of Life in the OceanA. Where life is concentratedB. Organisms classified based upon lifestyle III. Living in the Marine EnvironmentA. Salinity and densityB. PhotosynthesisC. Adaptive strategies of marine organismsD. TemperatureE. SeawaterIV. Primary Productivity in the OceanA. How diversity of life is possibleB. Primary ProductivityC. Availability of Solar EnergyD. Low LatitudesE. High LatitudesF. ThermoclineV. Nutrients and Marine Carbon CycleA. Inorganic NutrientsB. Biological Pump and Oxygen Minimum ZoneCurrent LectureI. Studying Marine OrganismsA. Classifying Organismsa) Classification By Nutrition: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Autotrophic Organisms make their own food usually by the process of photosynthesis. (ex: unicellular diatoms, multicellular algae/seaweed, vascular plants)2. Heterotrophic Organisms: those that survive on other organisms or their by products as a source. a. Grazers: float in the water and feed upon microscopic autotrophic organisms that surround then (unicellular or very small planktonic organisms)b. Predators: constitute the larger members of the ocean community that feed upon smaller animals (tuna, sharks, jellyfish, toothed whales)c. Filter Feeders are able to capture and strain organic particles or small organisms suspended in the water column, or pump large volumes of seawater through their bodies and extract organic material that the water contains(clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, corals, barnacles, anemones, krill)d. Scavengers: organisms that subsist primarily on the decaying remains of other creatures (sea stars, sea urchins,crabs)e. Deposit Feeders: animals that crawl on or through the bottom sediments of the ocean and extract bits of food (marine worms and snails)b) Classification By Habitat: organisms can either live in the water column (pelagic) or the sea floor (benthic)c) Classification by Mobility1. Motile organisms can move about as free swimmers (nekton), floaters (plankton), or on the bottom (benthon)d) Classification by Taxonomy: the most familiar way of classifying lifethat arranges organisms according to their cellular type (prokaryote, eukaryote), body plan and development, nutrition and how the various body parts function B. 5 Kingdoms of Lifea) Kingdom Monera (bacteria, archaea)1. Must be tiny cells which lack membrane bounded nucleus and contain DNA (prokaryotic cells 2. Heterotrophic bacteria (consumes and decomposers)3. Autotrophic bacteria (photosynthetic cyanobacteria and chemosynthetic bacteriab) Kingdom Protoctista (algae, protists, slime molds)1. Cells which have a membrane bound NUCLEAUS and usually contain mitochondria, plastids and Golgi bodies (eukaryotic cells; advanced cells evolved via bacterial symbiosis)2. Not bacteria, not fungi, not plant or animal3. Most are larger than bacteria4. Diverse in structure and feeding (autotrophic and heterotrophic forms)5. Many are UNCELLULAR (single-celled organisms called PROTISTS) including all phytoplankton in the ocean and other microscopic protozoans 6. MULTICELLULAR FORMS include (green, brown and red algae/seaweedc) Kingdom Fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)1. All have NUCLEATED cells2. Develop from SPORES which are resistant to drying3. Mostly TERRESTRIAL (living on land in moist air)4. Require food in the form of organic compounds (like animals) but digest food outside rather than inside their bodies by releasing enzymes onto their food and decomposing it (SAPPORTROPHIC)d) Kingdom Plantae (plants)1. Develop from an embryo surrounded by tissue of female parent2. All are MULTICELLULAR and each nucleated cell is covered by a cellwall composed of cellulose3. Most conduct PHOTOSYNTHESIS: produce oxygen and use green pigment chlorophyll to make their own food by reducing carbon dioxide (AUTOTROPHIC)4. Include salt marsh grasses, turtle and eel grasses, mangrove treese) Kingdom Animalia (animals)1. Develop from a type of embryo called a BALASTULA (multicellular hallow sphere) formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm2. All are MULTICELLULAR with nucleated cells3. Require food in the form of organic compounds (HETEROTROPHIC), other organisms or the remains of other organisms 4. Includes invertebrates and vertebrates: sponges to squid and tiny zooplankton to huge cetaceans (whales) and humans II. The Distribution of Life in the OceanA. Where life is concentrateda) Availability of sunlight and the amount of nutrients in the water ultimately determine where life is concentrated b) Pelagic Environment: refers to the water column (from the surface to the bottom)c) Benthic Environment: refers to the seafloor (from a salt marsh or beachto the deepest trench)d) There are many more species that live in the BENTHIC zone (98% of all animal species) than in the Pelagic zone (2%) becauseof the greater variety of habitats available for exploration and specialization on the seabed compared with the water column B. Organisms Classified by Lifestyle a) Plankton: All organisms that drift with ocean current and are “passive floaters”1. Phytoplanktona. Microscopic unicellular (single celled)b. Photosynthetic algae (diatoms)2. Zooplankton: a. Multicellular animals (copepods, krill, jellies, salpsb. Microscopic single celled protists (ciliates, flagellates) 3. Bacterioplanktona. Heterotrophic and photosynthetic forms of bacteria (cyanobacteria)4. Meroplanktona. Larval stages of familiar marine animals (clams, crabs, barnacles, lobster, corals, sponges)the young of these creatures spend the early part of life in planktonb) Nekton1. All organisms capable of moving independent of ocean currents2. Free swimmers3. Squid, fish, mackerel, tuna, marlin, shark, rays, tropical red fish, salmon4. Ground fish such as cod and haddock5. Marine mammals (seals, manatees, toothed whales: dolphin and sperm whales6. Marine reptiles (sea turtles, sea crocodiles) c) Benthon 1. All organisms living on the seafloor (epifauna) or buried within sediments (infauna)2. Bottom dwellers3. Marine invertebrates (clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, limpets, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, sea urchins, starfish, corals, anemones, sponges, worms4. Sea grasses5. Benthic algae (kelp