a. Bordetella pertussis and Influenza A virus are examples of respiratory pathogens; bacterial and viral, respectively. As such, they can both:a) Reproduce extracellularly, in saliva and lung fluidsb) Be killed with antibioticsc) Reproduce inside lung cellsd) Cause inflammation and coughingAnswer:d (viruses can’t reproduce outside cells, or be killed with antibiotics, bordatella can’t reproduce inside lung cells, so the only common thing between them is causing inflammation)b. If a pathogen penetrates the skin barrier, which of the following action (s) will your immune system take as a first step to fight infection:a) Activate B-cells to generate antibodies against itb) Activate T-cell responses to kill infected cellsc) Launch macrophages and inflammatory molecules to signal infectiond) Release platelets to drive coagulation and prevent the pathogen from entering the blood flowAnswer: c (innate imunity-macrophages and inflammation- is the first response after a skin barrier is bypassed)c. During HIV infection, HIV surface glycoproteins mediate which step(s):a) Viral binding and fusionb) Reverse transcriptionc) Integration into cellular DNAd) Synthesis of new viral particles & poly-protein cleavage through viral proteasesAnswer: ad. As part of the adaptive immune response, activated T cells kill:a) Infected cellsb) Viral particlesc) Bacteriad) All of the aboveAnswer: a (they never kill isolated virus or bacteria)e. The Gardasil vaccine has been recently licensed to prevent infection with four strains of human papilloma virus (HPV). The vaccine does not use any live virus or a killed virus, so it cannot cause disease. Which type of vaccine meets this criteria and would be effective against the virus?a) Carrier vaccineb) Toxoid vaccinec) Subunit vaccined) Inactivated virus vaccineAnswer: c. Both toxoid and subunit vaccines are virus-free (no alive or killed virus in them). Viruses don’t make toxins, so a toxoid vaccine would not be effective vs. HPV, and only the subunit would work.f. Through his unethical experiment Edward Jenner made the first smallpox vaccine. The material that he used to inoculate his patients was:a) A carrier vaccineb) A subunit vaccinec) An inactivated virus vaccined) A live attenuated virus vaccineAnswer: d. he had no technology, so toxoid, subunit or recombinant carrier vaccines which require purification steps and genetic engineering are out. He did not further process the virus he obtained from the scabs of cowpox lesions before using it in his patients, so its not inactivated. Cowpox virus acts as a live attenuated version of small poxPROBLEM 3: (12 points total)a. Name and explain in one sentence the 2 functions of antibodies in the immune system. (3 pts)Answer: They neutralize (prevent binding of pathogen or toxin to its target), and they act as bridge between pathogen and cells of the immune system that kills them.d. Yearly flu vaccination benefits the whole community, even those that don’t get the vaccine. Through what effect is this achieved? (3 pts)PROBLEM 4: Ethics of clinical trials (15 points total)Blood trial could omit consent formPROBLEM 6: 1.5 pts each (12 points total)PROBLEM 7: (12 points total).BIOE 301/362 Name: Exam 2March 13, 2008The exam consists of 10 questions. Show all work to receive credit. Clearly organize your work and draw a box around your final answers. NEATNESS COUNTS! Good Luck!Problem 1 (5): Problem 2 (18): Problem 3 (12): Problem 4 (15): Problem 5 (8): Problem 6 (12): Problem 7 (12): Problem 8 (18): Extra Credit (4): Total (100):PROBLEM 1: Development of technology (5 points total)Eureka! You have just created what could be an HIV vaccine. Describe thesteps which you must undertake before you can obtain FDA approval to market this vaccine.Pre clinical testing in animalsPhase I testing in healthy volunteers to monitor safetyPhase II testing to monitor safety and efficacyPhase III testing to monitor safety and efficacyFDA submission for approval to marketPROBLEM 2: Multiple choice. 3 pts each (18 points total).a. Bordetella pertussis and Influenza A virus are examples of respiratory pathogens; bacterial and viral, respectively. As such, they can both: a) Reproduce extracellularly, in saliva and lung fluidsb) Be killed with antibioticsc) Reproduce inside lung cellsd) Cause inflammation and coughingAnswer:d (viruses can’t reproduce outside cells, or be killed with antibiotics, bordatellacan’t reproduce inside lung cells, so the only common thing between them is causing inflammation)b. If a pathogen penetrates the skin barrier, which of the following action (s) will your immune system take as a first step to fight infection: a) Activate B-cells to generate antibodies against itb) Activate T-cell responses to kill infected cellsc) Launch macrophages and inflammatory molecules to signal infectiond) Release platelets to drive coagulation and prevent the pathogen from entering the blood flowAnswer: c (innate imunity-macrophages and inflammation- is the first response after askin barrier is bypassed)c. During HIV infection, HIV surface glycoproteins mediate which step(s):a) Viral binding and fusionb) Reverse transcriptionc) Integration into cellular DNAd) Synthesis of new viral particles & poly-protein cleavage through viral proteasesAnswer: ad. As part of the adaptive immune response, activated T cells kill:a) Infected cellsb) Viral particlesc) Bacteriad) All of the aboveAnswer: a (they never kill isolated virus or bacteria)e. The Gardasil vaccine has been recently licensed to prevent infection with four strains of human papilloma virus (HPV). The vaccine does not use any live virus or a killed virus, so it cannot cause disease. Which type of vaccine meets this criteria and would be effective against the virus?a) Carrier vaccineb) Toxoid vaccinec) Subunit vaccined) Inactivated virus vaccineAnswer: c. Both toxoid and subunit vaccines are virus-free (no alive or killed virus in them). Viruses don’t make toxins, so a toxoid vaccine would not be effective vs. HPV, and only the subunit would work.f. Through his unethical experiment Edward Jenner made the first smallpox vaccine. The material that he used to inoculate his patients was:a) A carrier vaccineb) A subunit vaccinec) An inactivated virus vaccined) A live attenuated virus vaccineAnswer: d. he had no technology, so toxoid, subunit or recombinant carrier vaccines which
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