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Rice BIOE 301 - Lecture Notes

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BIOE 301Future of Bioengineering in World HealthSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Millenium Development ProjectInvestment and Policy ClustersWhat Role is Bioengineering Playing?Slide 9Need for Innovative Diagnostic Platforms for these DiseasesBenefits of POC DiagnosticsLateral Flow or Immunochromatographic StripSome ICS Available TestsMicrofluidic DiagnosticsDiscuss the article you read, Application of Microchip Assay System for the Measurement of C-reactive Protein in Human Saliva, Lab Chip. 2005, 5, 261-269.DALYs Saved with New DiagnosticsRequirements of New Diagnostic TechniquesLastly, but Certainly not Least…For More Detailed DiscussionSlide 20Exam ReviewSlide 22Leading causes of mortality: ages 0-4Slide 24Structural ViolenceLecture 5 & 6 ReviewSlide 27Slide 28Engineering Design MethodReview: Pathogens and the Immune SystemBacteria vs. Innate immune systemFlu virus vs. Adaptive immune systemSlide 33Slide 34What are the two major challenges for biomarker based cancer screening?AnswerArrange the following physiological changes in cancer development, starting with the earliest changes to late stage of the diseaseSlide 38QuestionSlide 40Drug Eluting Stent – Sample SizeSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Class IIBIOE 301Lecture Twenty-ThreeFuture of Bioengineering in World HealthMULTIDISCIPLINARY!!!!!!!!http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htmhttp://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htmhttp://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htmMillenium Development Project•Task Force on HungerHalving hunger: it can be done•Task Force on Education and Gender EqualityToward universal primary education: investments, incentives, and institutions•Task Force on Education and Gender EqualityTaking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women•Task Force on Child Health and Maternal HealthWho’s got the power? Transforming health systems for women and children•Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines, Working Group on HIV/AIDSCombating AIDS in the developing world•Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines, Working Group on MalariaComing to grips with malaria in the new millennium•Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines, Working Group on TBInvesting in strategies to reverse the global incidence of TBhttp://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htm•Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines, Working Group on Access to Essential MedicinesPrescription for healthy development: increasing access to medicines•Task Force on Environmental SustainabilityEnvironment and human well-being: a practical strategy•Task Force on Water and SanitationHealth, dignity, and development: what will it take?•Task Force on Improving the Lives of Slum DwellersA home in the city•Task Force on TradeTrade for development•Task Force on Science, Technology, and InnovationInnovation: applying knowledge in developmentInvestment and Policy Clusters •Health systems: ensuring universal access to essential services–Best provided through an integrated district health system centered on primary care and first-level referral hospitals–Practical investments and policies for a functioning health system include •training and retaining competent, motivated health workers •strengthening management systems •providing adequate supplies of essential drugs•building clinics and laboratory facilities•Science, technology, and innovation: building national capacities–Creating science advisory bodies to the national government–Expanding science and engineering faculties in universities and polytechnics–Strengthening development and entrepreneurial focus in science and technology curricula–Promoting business opportunities in science and technology–Promoting infrastructure development as a technology learning processhttp://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htmWhat Role is Bioengineering Playing?•Biotechnology has emerged as one of the methods to address health and other challenges in developing world–Molecular diagnostics–Recombinant vaccines–Vaccine and drug delivery–Bioremediation–Bioinformatics–Nutritionally enriched genetically modified cropsLancet 2005; 365: 1105-07.Nature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484Need for Innovative Diagnostic Platforms for these Diseases•Initial funding by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation•4 common central laboratory techniques–Blood chemistry–Immunoassays–Nucleic-acid amplification–Flow cytometry•However, central laboratory model not applicable to the developing world!Nature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484Benefits of POC Diagnostics•Access to diagnostic tools previously unavailable•Faster and more accurate•Better epidemiological data for disease modeling•Define economics of a healthcare system•Better utilization of minimally trained personnel•Better use of existing therapeutics Nature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484Lateral Flow or Immunochromatographic StripClin. Vaccine Immunol. Biagini et al. 13 (5): 541Some ICS Available Tests•Diphtheria•STI’s–Gonorrhea–Syphilis–Chancroid–Chlamydia•Vitamin A deficiency•P. Falciparum malaria•HIV•Hepatitis B•Pregnancy•Fecal leukocytes•ProteinuriaNature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484Microfluidic DiagnosticsNature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484Discuss the article you read, Application of Microchip Assay System for the Measurement of C-reactive Protein in Human Saliva, Lab Chip. 2005, 5, 261-269.•What is the biggest advantage of this platform for the developing world?•What was the most convincing piece of data presented for the ETC platform?DALYs Saved with New DiagnosticsNature S1, 23 November 2006Requirements of New Diagnostic Techniques Nature S1, 23 November 2006Lastly, but Certainly not Least…•Don’t forget the larger issues–Social–Economic–Political–EthicalFor More Detailed Discussion • http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htm•Nature 7101 (442), 27 July 2006 p 329-484 •Nature S1, 23 November 2006Exam ReviewFor the Developing world, order the following problems from the greatest to least cause of mortality in the age range 0-4 yrs.- Malaria- Perinatal conditions- Diarrheal diseases- Lower respiratory infectionsLeading causes of mortality: ages 0-4•Developing world1. Perinatal conditions2. Lower respiratory infections3. Diarrheal diseases4. Malaria•Developed world1.


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