BIOE 301Plagiarism: Why Talk About It?Plagiarism: What is it?Plagiarism: How to preventFour QuestionsThree Case StudiesToday:Slide 8Class Activity #1 – Gene TherapySlide 10Question:DefinitionsSlide 13Slide 14Engineering Design MethodJournal ArticlePatentClass Activity #2Example: Cervical cancer detectionScience of PrecancerTechnology: Confocal MicroscopySlide 22Confocal MicroscopeImaging Endogenous ContrastLEEP StudyIn Vivo Fiber Optic Confocal MicroscopePortable system for clinical studiesMiniature MicroscopesSlide 29Slide 30Summary of Lecture 7BIOE 301Lecture SevenPlagiarism: Why Talk About It?Serious crime which can end your careerDHHS Office of Research IntegrityPlagiarism is involved in over 50% of the complaints received for investigation of scientific misconduct.Plagiarism: What is it?1. Direct, verbatim lifting of passages2. Rewording ideas from the original in the purported author’s own style3. Paraphrasing the original work without attribution4. Noting the original source of only some of what is borrowedAmerican Medical Association Manual of StylePlagiarism: How to preventUse quotation marks when more than 6 words are lifted verbatim from another sourceCite the original source when paraphrasing materialCredit the original source for all the information borrowed.Unpublished material is the exclusive property of the original author.Written permission is required for the use of all cartoons, drawings, figures etc.Four QuestionsWhat are the problems in healthcare today?Who pays to solve problems in healthcare? How can we use science and technology to solve healthcare problems? Once developed, how do new healthcare technologies move from the lab to the bedside?Three Case StudiesPrevention of infectious diseaseHIV/AIDSEarly detection of cancerCervical CancerOvarian CancerProstate CancerTreatment of heart diseaseAtherosclerosis and heart attackHeart failureToday:The process of developing a new medical technologyScience of Understanding DiseaseEmerging Health TechnologiesPreclinical TestingClinical TrialsAdoption & DiffusionAbandoned due to:• poor performance• safety concerns• ethical concerns• legal issues• social issues• economic issuesBioengineeringEthics of researchCost-EffectivenessClass Activity #1 – Gene TherapyDirections:Place the articles in correct chronological order Contextual clues in the selectionsYour knowledge of the science of DNA and genesYour recollection of events in the media. Articles reflect current thought for the timeFirst article published in 1953; the last in 2003Discuss in group; come to consensusChoose one member of your group to speakDid your ideas about the sequence match each other? What clues or events prompted you to make choice?Do not discuss your ideas with other groupsScience of Understanding DiseaseEmerging Health TechnologiesPreclinical TestingClinical TrialsAdoption & DiffusionAbandoned due to:• poor performance• safety concerns• ethical concerns• legal issues• social issues• economic issuesBioengineeringEthics of researchCost-EffectivenessQuestion:What is the difference between science and engineering?DefinitionsScienceBody of knowledge about natural phenomena which is:Well founded TestablePurpose is to discover, create, confirm, disprove, reorganize, and disseminate statements that accurately describe some portion of physical, chemical, biological world“Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us.”DefinitionsEngineeringSystematic design, production and operation of technical systems to meet practical human needs under specified constraintsTime$$PerformanceReliability“Engineering. . . in a broad sense. . . is applying science in an economic manner to the needs of mankind “DefinitionsWhat is the difference between science and engineering?ScienceInquiry to better understand world around usNo practical goal necessaryEngineeringUse of science to solve real world problem in practical wayEngineering Design MethodFashioning a product made for a practical goal in the presence of constraintsSix design steps:1. Identify a need2. Define the problem (goals, constraints)3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions5. Evaluate solutions6. Communicate resultsPapers, patents, marketingRefine DesignSPECSJournal ArticlePatentwww.uspto.gov Diagnostic Imaging PatentClass Activity #2Example: Cervical cancer detectionScience of precancerEngineering solutions for precancer detection1. Identify a need2. Define the problem (goals, constraints)3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions5. Evaluate solutions6. Communicate resultsScience of PrecancerNormal Cervical TissueNormal Cervical TissueCervical Pre-CancerCervical Pre-Cancer•Diagnosis based on morphologic features–Nuclear size, shape, texture–Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratioAcceptedAcceptedLightLightRejectedRejectedPlanePlaneImageImagePlanePlaneWebb, J. Investigative Dermatology,1995Webb, J. Investigative Dermatology,1995Technology: Confocal Microscopy Point SourcePoint SourceIlluminationIlluminationBeamsplitterBeamsplitterDetectorDetectorPinholePinholeSampleSampleRejectedRejectedLightLightExample: Cervical cancer detectionScience of precancerEngineering solutions for precancer detection1. Identify a need2. Define the problem (goals, constraints)3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions5. Evaluate solutions6. Communicate resultsConfocal MicroscopeImaging Endogenous ContrastLEEP StudyIn Vivo Fiber Optic Confocal MicroscopeMiniature Objective7 mm outer diameter22 mm long Liang et al., Appl. Opt., 2002.Portable system for clinical studiesMiniature MicroscopesCollaboration with T. TkaczykExample: Cervical cancer detectionScience of precancerEngineering solutions for precancer detection1. Identify a need2. Define the problem (goals, constraints)3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions5. Evaluate solutions6. Communicate resultsSummary of Lecture 7Science“Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us.”EngineeringSystematic design, production and operation of technical systems to meet practical human needs under specified constraintsSix steps of
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