BIOE 301 Lecture Two: Health Problems in the Developed and Developing World: Ages 0-4Review of Lecture OneWorld Health Organization: WHOFunctions of the WHOLecture TwoWorld Mortality Rates (2002)Infant and Child MortalityCauses of Child MortalityCauses of Child Mortality by RegionLeading causes of mortality: ages 0-4Perinatal ConditionsSlide 12Common Perinatal ConditionsSlide 14World Health Report: 1995 vs. 2005Slide 1637% Mortality Due to Neonatal CausesChallenges to Reducing Perinatal ConditionsSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Lower Respiratory InfectionsCauses of PneumoniaPneumonia: PhysiopathologyIdentifying PneumoniaPneumonia: TreatmentDiarrheal DiseaseDiarrheal Disease: CholeraDiarrheal Disease is often a result of unsafe water sourcesSlide 30Diarrheal Disease: PhysiopathologyOral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)Why Does ORT Work?Oral Rehydration TherapyORT use in the USDiarrheal Disease in the USRotavirus VaccineMalariaMalaria: PhysiopathologySlide 40Slide 41Malaria: Drug TreatmentsMalaria: PreventionSlide 44Congenital AbnormalitiesCongenital Abnormalities: CausesUnintentional InjuriesMDG #4: Making progress?MDG #4 : Making progress?How to Foster the Decline in Child Mortality?Summary of Lecture TwoNext Class and Questions?BIOE 301 Lecture Two:BIOE 301 Lecture Two:Health Problems in the Health Problems in the Developed and Developed and Developing World: Ages Developing World: Ages 0-40-4 Louise OrganLouise Organ1.11.071.11.07Review of Lecture OneReview of Lecture OneCourse goalsCourse goalsFour main questions we aim to Four main questions we aim to addressaddressTechnology assessmentTechnology assessmentIntroduction to world healthIntroduction to world healthHealth data and usesHealth data and usesWorld Health Organization: WHOWorld Health Organization: WHOEstablished by charter of the UN after Established by charter of the UN after World War IIWorld War IIHeadquartered in GenevaHeadquartered in GenevaMission:Mission:•““Attainment by all peoples of the highest Attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health”possible level of health”Website:Website:•http://http://www.who.intwww.who.int/en//en/Functions of the WHOFunctions of the WHOServices to governments:Services to governments:•Epidemiologic intelligenceEpidemiologic intelligence•International standardization of vaccinesInternational standardization of vaccines•Reports of expert committeesReports of expert committees•Data on world health problemsData on world health problemsMember countries must provide Member countries must provide certain info in regular reportscertain info in regular reports•Disease outbreaksDisease outbreaks•Health of populationHealth of population•Steps to improve healthSteps to improve healthLecture TwoLecture TwoHealth problems in developed and Health problems in developed and developing world: ages 0-4developing world: ages 0-4•Unit 1-What are the major health Unit 1-What are the major health problems worldwide?problems worldwide?•Differences between developed and Differences between developed and developing worddeveloping word•Understand disease/condition causes, Understand disease/condition causes, treatments, and preventiontreatments, and preventionWorld Mortality Rates (2002)World Mortality Rates (2002)6.4%7.8%85.8%Developed Countries9.5%40.1%50.4%Developing CountriesGroup 1 = communicable diseases, maternal/perinatal conditions, malnutritionGroup 2 = Non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, cancer, mental disorders)Group 3 = InjuriesInfant and Child MortalityInfant and Child Mortality8 UN Millennium Development Goals 8 UN Millennium Development Goals (MGDs)(MGDs)•Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality •Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate and 2015, the under-five mortality rate WHO World Health Report 2005: WHO World Health Report 2005: Make Every Mother and Child CountMake Every Mother and Child Count•Almost 11 million children under five will Almost 11 million children under five will die in 2005 from causes that are largely die in 2005 from causes that are largely preventablepreventable•4 million babies who will not survive the 4 million babies who will not survive the first month of life first month of lifeCauses of Child MortalityCauses of Child MortalityWHO 2005 World Health ReportWHO 2005 World Health ReportCauses of Child Mortality by RegionCauses of Child Mortality by RegionWHO 2005 World Health ReportWHO 2005 World Health ReportLeading causes of mortality: ages 0-4Leading causes of mortality: ages 0-4Developing worldDeveloping world1.1.Perinatal conditionsPerinatal conditions2.2.Lower respiratory infectionsLower respiratory infections3.3.Diarrheal diseasesDiarrheal diseases4.4.MalariaMalariaDeveloped worldDeveloped world1.1.Perinatal conditionsPerinatal conditions2.2.Congenital anomaliesCongenital anomalies3.3.Lower respiratory infectionsLower respiratory infections4.4.Unintentional injuriesUnintentional injuriesPerinatal ConditionsPerinatal ConditionsPeriod from 22 weeks of pregnancy Period from 22 weeks of pregnancy through the first week of lifethrough the first week of life2.5 million children die from perinatal 2.5 million children die from perinatal conditionsconditions> 500,000 women die as a > 500,000 women die as a consequence of pregnancy and consequence of pregnancy and childbirthchildbirth•Leading cause of death for women of Leading cause of death for women of childbearing age in developing countrieschildbearing age in developing countriesPerinatal ConditionsPerinatal Conditions3.3 million stillborn 3.3 million stillborn infants per yearinfants per yearLikely underestimates Likely underestimates as vital registration as vital registration rates and practices varyrates and practices vary•Countries with the Countries with the highest mortality rates highest mortality rates tend to also have the tend to also have the lowest rates of vital lowest rates of vital registrationregistrationCommon Perinatal Conditions Common Perinatal Conditions Premature deliveryPremature deliveryLow birth weightLow birth weightBirth asphyxiaBirth asphyxia•Entangled umbilical Entangled umbilical cordcord•Breech birthBreech birthCommon Perinatal Conditions Common Perinatal Conditions Birth traumaBirth trauma•Mechanical forces encountered during Mechanical
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