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Rice BIOE 301 - Lecture Notes

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BIOE 301 Lecture EightBIOE 301 – Lecture 8Review of Lecture 7Q3: How can technology solve health care problems?Roadmap of CS 1Connections – First day of classBone Marrow - Pluripotent Stem CellsSlide 8White Blood CellsPathogensTypes of PathogensQuestion:Slide 13BacteriaHow do Bacteria Cause Disease?VirusHow do Viruses Cause Disease?Slide 18Using Viruses for Good, not EvilPathophysiology of HIV/AIDSSlide 21The Immune SystemTypes of ImmunityTypes of Immunity - DefenseSlide 25Physical BarriersWhat happens when you get a splinter?Slide 28Slide 29Innate Immune SystemComponents of Innate Immune SystemSlide 33Adaptive Immune SystemWhat is an antibody?Slide 36Slide 37AntibodiesSlide 39Slide 40How do T Cells ID Virus Infected Cells?Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Immunologic MemorySlide 47Slide 48Putting it all togetherSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Summary of Lecture 8Slide 55For more info:BIOE 301 Lecture Eight Amit MistryFeb 6, 2007BIOE 301 – Lecture 8WARM-UPObservation: Global average near-surface atmospheric temperature rose 1.1 ± 0.40°Fahrenheit in the 20th century. What is the scientific approach to this?What is the engineering approach to it?Review of Lecture 7Science“Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us.”Five steps of the scientific methodEngineeringSystematic design, production and operation of technical systems to meet practical human needs under specified constraintsSix steps of the engineering design methodQ3: How can technology solve health care problems? CS1: Prevention of infectious diseaseRoadmap of CS 1ScienceOrganisms that cause infectious diseaseImmunityEngineeringHow to make a vaccineVaccines: From idea to productSocietal ImpactHealth and economicsEthics of clinical trialsDeveloped world/Developing worldConnections – First day of classWhat caused the first bone marrow transplants to be rejected by recipients?Bone Marrow - Pluripotent Stem CellsHematopoietic stem cells differentiate into:White blood cellsRed blood cellsPlateletsMesenchymal stem cells differentiate into:Bone, cartilage, muscleWhite Blood CellsNeutrophil Lymphocyte Macrophage“The Defense”“The Good Guys”PathogensHow They Cause Disease“The Offense”“The Bad Guys”Types of PathogensBacteriaCells with membrane and cell wall (usually)Can survive outside host; reproduce without hostCan be killed or inhibited by antibioticsVirusesNucleic acid core with protein envelopeUse host intracellular machinery to reproduceCannot be killed with antibiotics>50 different viruses that can infect humansQuestion:Based on your understanding of the characteristics of bacteria, viruses, and blood cells, identify which item best represents each and be able to explain why you chose each.BacteriumVirus Blood cellPathogensHuman hair – 100,000,000 nmRed blood cell – 7,000 nmE. coli bacteria – 800 nmVirus – 100 nmwww.awcommunity.orgwww.its.caltech.edu/~boozerBacteriaHow do Bacteria Cause Disease?Invade hostReproduceProduce toxins  disturb cell functionExamplesEscherichia ColiBacillus AnthracisMicrobacterium tuberculosisStreptococcus pneumoniaehttp://www.cubanology.com/Articles/Virus_vs_Bacteria.htmVirusHow do Viruses Cause Disease?Virus invades host cellBinds to cell membrane receptorsEndocytosis brings virus into cellVirus takes over cellUse viral nucleic acid and host cell resources to make new viral nucleic acid and proteinsMore virus is released from host cellVirus causes host cell to lyse ORViral particles bud from host cell surfaceVirus examples: Influenza, HIV, West Nile, HepatitisHuman Papillomavirus, Viriola MajorUsing Viruses for Good, not EvilGene Therapy: infect cells with beneficial DNADiabetesSCIDCancerSickle cell anemiaMSCystic fibrosiswww.nih.govPathophysiology of HIV/AIDSPathophysiology of HIV/AIDSThe Immune SystemHow Are We Protected Against Pathogens?Types of ImmunityThree layers of immunity:Physical BarriersInnate Immune SystemAll animals possessAdaptive Immune SystemVertebrates possessKeep pathogens outKill them if they get inTypes of Immunity - DefenseLine of scrimmagePhysical Barriers = Defensive LineInnate = Secondary DefenseAdaptive = CoachTypes of ImmunityPhysical BarriersSkin (2 square meters)Mucous Membranes (400 square meters)Innate Immune SystemProduces general inflammatory response when pathogens penetrate physical barriersAdaptive Immune SystemCan adapt to defend against any invaderImportant when innate immune system cannot defend against attack Provides immune system with “memory”Physical BarriersWhat happens when you get a splinter?What happens when you get a splinter?Pathogens gets past physical barrier1. Macrophages eat bacteria on splinterPhagocytosis2. Activated macrophages produce chemicals which:Increase local blood flow Increase permeability of blood vesselsRecruit other phagocytes to siteRednessHeatSwellingPusWhat happens when you get a splinter?Phagocytosishttp://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/119/9/1903/DC1Innate Immune SystemPrimarily effective against pathogens outside of cellsTwo main weapons:1) Professional phagocytesCells that eat stuff2) The complement systemProteins that tag stuff for destructionComponents of Innate Immune System1) Macrophages:Sentinels that patrol peripheryIf they find an invader, they become “activated”If activated, they:Send signals to recruit other immune system cells (Neutrophils)Become vicious killers Present antigen to adaptive immune system (more on this later)Components of Innate Immune System2) Complement proteinsPresent in tissues & bloodAttach to surfaces of bacteria and virusesTarget them for destruction by phagocytes Form Membrane Attack ComplexesRecruit other immune cells from bloodAdaptive Immune SystemAntibody-mediated:Fight pathogens outside of cellsCell-mediated:Fight pathogens inside of cellsWhat is an antibody?Bridge between:Pathogen Tool to kill itAntibodies have two important regions:Fab region: Binds antigen Binds surface of virus-infected cellFc region:Binds macrophages and neutrophils, induces phagocytosisBinds natural killer cell, induces


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Rice BIOE 301 - Lecture Notes

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