BIOE 301Lecture SevenPlagiarism: Why Talk About It? Serious crime which can end your career DHHS Office of Research Integrity Plagiarism is involved in over 50% of the complaints received for investigation of scientific misconduct.Plagiarism: What is it?1. Direct, verbatim lifting of passages2. Rewording ideas from the original in the purported author’s own style3. Paraphrasing the original work without attribution4. Noting the original source of only some of what is borrowedAmerican Medical Association Manual of StylePlagiarism: How to prevent Use quotation marks when more than 6 words are lifted verbatim from another source Cite the original source when paraphrasing material Credit the original source for all the information borrowed. Unpublished material is the exclusive property of the original author. Written permission is required for the use of all cartoons, drawings, figures etc.Four Questions What are the problems in healthcare today? Who pays to solve problems in healthcare? How can we use science and technology to solve healthcare problems? Once developed, how do new healthcare technologies move from the lab to the bedside?Three Case Studies Prevention of infectious disease HIV/AIDS Early detection of cancer Cervical Cancer Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer Treatment of heart disease Atherosclerosis and heart attack Heart failureToday:The process of developing a new medical technologyScience of Understanding DiseaseEmerging Health TechnologiesPreclinical TestingClinical TrialsAdoption & DiffusionAbandoned due to:• poor performance• safety concerns• ethical concerns• legal issues• social issues• economic issuesBioengineeringEthics of researchCost-EffectivenessClass Activity #1 – Gene TherapyDirections: Place the articles in correct chronological order Contextual clues in the selections Your knowledge of the science of DNA and genes Your recollection of events in the media. Articles reflect current thought for the time First article published in 1953; the last in 2003 Discuss in group; come to consensus Choose one member of your group to speak Did your ideas about the sequence match each other? What clues or events prompted you to make choice? Do not discuss your ideas with other groupsScience of Understanding DiseaseEmerging Health TechnologiesPreclinical TestingClinical TrialsAdoption & DiffusionAbandoned due to:• poor performance• safety concerns• ethical concerns• legal issues• social issues• economic issuesBioengineeringEthics of researchCost-EffectivenessQuestion: What is the difference between science and engineering?Definitions Science Body of knowledge about natural phenomena which is: Well founded Testable Purpose is to discover, create, confirm, disprove, reorganize, and disseminate statements that accurately describe some portion of physical, chemical, biological world “Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us.”Definitions Engineering Systematic design, production and operation of technical systems to meet practical human needs under specified constraints Time $$ Performance Reliability “Engineering. . . in a broad sense. . . is applying science in an economic manner to the needs of mankind “Definitions What is the difference between science and engineering? Science Inquiry to better understand world around us No practical goal necessary Engineering Use of science to solve real world problem in practical wayEngineering Design Method Fashioning a product made for a practical goal in the presence of constraints Six design steps: 1. Identify a need 2. Define the problem (goals, constraints) 3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions 5. Evaluate solutions 6. Communicate results Papers, patents, marketingRefine DesignSPECSJournal ArticlePatent www.uspto.gov Diagnostic Imaging PatentClass Activity #2Example: Cervical cancer detection Science of precancer Engineering solutions for precancer detection 1. Identify a need 2. Define the problem (goals, constraints) 3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions 5. Evaluate solutions 6. Communicate resultsScience of PrecancerNormal Cervical TissueNormal Cervical TissueCervical PreCervical Pre--CancerCancer• Diagnosis based on morphologic features– Nuclear size, shape, texture– Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratioAcceptedAcceptedLightLightRejectedRejectedPlanePlaneImageImagePlanePlaneWebb, J. Investigative Dermatology,1995Webb, J. Investigative Dermatology,1995Technology: Confocal MicroscopyPoint SourcePoint SourceIlluminationIlluminationBeamsplitterBeamsplitterDetectorDetectorPinholePinholeSampleSampleRejectedRejectedLightLightExample: Cervical cancer detection Science of precancer Engineering solutions for precancer detection 1. Identify a need 2. Define the problem (goals, constraints) 3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions 5. Evaluate solutions 6. Communicate resultsConfocal MicroscopeImaging Endogenous ContrastLEEP StudyIn Vivo Fiber Optic Confocal MicroscopeMiniature Objective7 mm outer diameter22 mm long Liang et al., Appl. Opt., 2002.Portable system for clinical studiesMiniature MicroscopesCollaboration with T. TkaczykExample: Cervical cancer detection Science of precancer Engineering solutions for precancer detection 1. Identify a need 2. Define the problem (goals, constraints) 3. Gather information 4. Develop solutions 5. Evaluate solutions 6. Communicate resultsSummary of Lecture 7 Science “Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us.” Engineering Systematic design, production and operation of technical systems to meet practical human needs under specified constraints Six steps of the engineering design
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