PHY 102 1st EditionLecture 1Outline of Last LectureN/AOutline of Current LectureI. Basis of Scientific Knowledge v. FaithA. Examples of when human reasoning is limitedB. Examples of evidence of the earth spinning (Aristotle)II. What is necessary for knowledgea. Right reasonb. Quote from Blaise PascalIII. Fallacies in reasoning knowledgeCurrent LectureI. If we believe (have faith that) the Earth is moving, we should be able to provide evidence forthat belief to show scientific knowledge. Examples of Aristotle disputing this theory include:a) We should feel the motion of the earthb) We should feel the winds movingc) We should see the oceans cast off from the motiond) We should see projectiles left behindII. If we claim to know something, we need:a) Right reasoni) Human reasoning is limited(1) We are weak in our infirmities(2) Outlook can sway our reasoning(3) We believe what we want to believe(4) We take facts as opinions if we don’t agree, and opinions as facts if we do agreeii) Blaise Pascal – “opinion is the mistress of error; she cannot make us wise, only content”b) Empirical EvidenceIII. Fallacies in Reasoninga) Personal Experience – identical concrete experiences can be interpreted in a multitude of waysb) Artificial Evidence – axiomatic proofs of mathematicsi) x = aThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.x^2 = axx^2 – a^2 = ax – a^2(x+a)(x-a) = a(x-a)x+a = aa+a = a2a = a2 = 1ii) flawed conclusions from apparent truthsc) Natural inference - Humans, when cut, bleed. I am human. When cut, I’ll bleed – modus ponensd) Definition – definitions do not constitute knowledge per see) Universal consent – just because everyone believes something, it does not make it true.f) Perfect credibility – when all evidence points to a conclusiong) Credible authority – parents, leaders, authorities; do not always agreeh) Science (observation) i) Scientific methodii) Question, observe, hypothesize, test, draw conclusionsi) Science (experimental)i) Experimentationii) Data can disprove + support a hypothesisiii) Data CANNOT prove a hypothesisj) Science (analysis) – derivation of knowledge using logic + empirical evidenceIV. Two types of trutha. Subjective – in relation to the subjectb. Objective – in relation to the objecti. Goal of science, but science never claim to possess itii. Subject to revision in light of new evidencec. Science is a truth-seeking processi. Body of knowledge based on logic & evidenceii. Deeper truths exist even when objective truths
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