PHY 102Final Study GuideI. Chapter 1, Chapter 3a. Difference between scientific knowledge and unsubstantiated beliefb. Ways we know rather than merely believec. Heliocentrism and geocentrismi. Homocentric spheres of Eudoxusii. Ptolemaic model including epicycles and deferents and how they explained the varying lengths of the seasons (equants)d. Aristotle’s arguments against Earth’s Motione. Proofs of the size (Eratosthenes) and shape of the earthf. Copernican, Tychonic, and Keplerian modelsg. The telescope observations of Galileo and how they crushed the Ptolemaic model but did NOT prove heliocentrismh. The trial of Galileo: (including special reading)i. Empirical evidence not considered because this was not a trial of science, rather a trial of authorityii. Galileo was suspected of heresy because he threatened the Greek basis for the existence of God and he did not take the Bible literlalyi. Kepler’s 3 laws of planetary motionII. Graphs from Chapter 4a. Role of Galileo in creating modern empirical science; claims based on observable evidenceb. Constant and accelerated motion graphsi. Slope, intercept, area under lines or curvesii. Equations and definitions:1. –x = x0 + vta. Vf = 3 m/sA = 1 m/sT = 2s2. –v = v0 + at (constant acceleration)III. Chapter 6a. Differences between vectors and scalarsi. Displacement (D) and distance (d)b. Velocity and speedDistinctions – instantaneous and average speed or velocity V = x/tS = d/tc. The effect of acceleration upon velocityd. How to calculate average speedIV. Chapter 7a. Newton’s 3 laws of motion:i. Law of inertia, F = maii. F = mv/t (leads to impulse-momentum relation)1. F * change in time = m *change in velocityiii. How a horse CAN pull a cart despite third lawb. Solving problems using these laws of motionc. Momentum, p = mvd. Solving problems using conservation of momentum principle, pi=pfV. Chapter 8a. Work-Energy Relationship, Fd = change in E (not confused with impulse-momentum relationship)b. Conservation of energy, Ei = Efc. Energy and power definitionsi. Ke = ½ mv2ii. PEg = mghiii. PEe= 1/2kx2iv. P = E/tVI. Chapter 9a. Newton’s law of universal gravitation was derived from a study of the moon’s orbit in comparison to the fall of an “apple”b. W = mg where g = -GM/r2 = -9.81 m/s2c. Fg= -GM/r2d. PEg = -GMm/rVII. Chapter 11a. Definitions of wave forms: transverse and longitudinalb. Definitions:i. Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, periodii. T = 1/f and lamda *f = viii. Note well that v = c = 3 x 108iv. Polarization, interference, diffractionv. Doppler effect1. Red shifted if away, blue shifted if toward usVIII. Chapter 12a. Evidence for + and – chargesb. Coulomb’s lawc. Electric fieldsi. Action at a distanced. field linese. F = Eq (field strength)IX. Chapter 37a. Evidence for the big bangi. Hubble’s Lawii. Expansion Ageiii. Background radiationb. Matter formed according to E = mc2c. Radiation decoupled from matter and this is seen from the origin of background radiationd. Early Protons and Neutron fused to form He nucleus via a proton-proton reactione. The universe was 90% H and 10% He by numberf. The Jeans mass constitutes the minimum amount of mass requiredg. Collapses of smaller clouds are helped by exploding stars, compression of magnetic fieldsh. 3 Major Problemsi. Flatness: Why do we have a flat universe if the Big Bang created a non-flat universeii. Horizon Problem1. The cosmic microwave background is uniform but there are variations2. Multiple Universes can existiii. The structure problem1. Homogeneity and Isotropy is not correct as shown in cosmic backgroundradiationi. Inflationary Cosmologyi. Between 10-34 and 10-32 seconds after the Big Bang, the universe grew from the size of a nucleonj. Star Deathi. 3 possible end states1. White Dwarfs ( low mass stars) – core becomes larger and hotter2. Neutron Stars ( Medium stars) – produced during a supernova3. Black Holes ( High mass) – produced in supernova but core