PHY 102Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-8Lecture 1 (August 19)Basis of Scientific Knowledge v. FaithWhat are Aristotle’s “proofs” for disputing the knowledge that the earth was spinning?We should feel the motion of the earth, we should feel the winds moving, we should see the oceans cast off from the motions, and we should see projectiles left behind.According to Prof Wenning, what is the difference between knowledge and faith?Faith is belief without observation, and knowledge is belief with observation. Both can hold correct beliefs but knowledge has an observable basis. Truth is something that scientists cannot attain but strive to know.What are some fallacies in human reasoning?Personal experience, artificial evidence, natural inference, definition, universal consent, perfect credibility, credible authority, observational science, experimental science, know that DATA CANNOT PROVE A HYPOTHESIS.Lecture 2 (August 21)Celestial MotionsWhat are some patterns in the sun’s movement during the day?The sun moves from east to west across the sky on a daily cycle. It is only due east and due west two days out of the year called equinoxes. This motion can either prove that the sun moves around the earth on a daily basis or that the earth rotates. What are some patterns in the moon’s movement across the sky?The moon also moves from east to west across the sky on a daily cycle. The moon’s motion also varies in a cycle of about 28 days, where the word “month” originates from. The moon was always known to revolve around the earth; this was never disputed.Lecture 3 (August 26)Why does the sun change position in the sky?The sun moves from west to east among the stars (1 degree eastward every day) because of its relative position to the earth. There are a few different explanations for this motion that were proposed such as the heavenly bodies moving at different speeds around the earth. The ecliptic’smotion on the horizon mimics the sun’s motion on the horizon.Seasonal ChangesSummer – north polar axis points toward the sunWinter – north polar axis points away from the sunInferior planets always stay close to the sun regardless of season, superior planets loop over their own paths and are seen opposite the sunTheories of HeliocentrismPhilolaus – central fire model (earth around central fire)Eudoxus – nested spheres showing retrograde motion of planetsAristarchus – relative sizes of earth and moon from shadows, also showed diameter of the moonLecture 4 (September 2)GeocentrismWho was Eratosthenes?He was a traveler and scientist. He went to Syene and Alexandria and measured the angle of thesun overhead. Using this data, he calculated the circumference of the earth based on logic and reasoning.Who was Appolonius?Appolonius introduced epicycles as a way to account for the retrograde motion of planets in the sky. He coined the “deferent” and “epicycle” ways of showing orbit in which a planet retrogrades and appears brighter as its deferent moves around an axis.What is the Ptolemaic System?This is an extension of the deferents and epicycles which utilizes circular motion. The sun appears to travel between four quadrants of a circular orbit if the earth is not in the center of that circular orbit but off to the side.Who is Copernicus?Copernicus determined that the Ptolemaic system is inaccurate and complex and used a sun-centered system but still utilized perfect circular motion. Galileo refers to Copernicus’s work regularly in his studies and theories.Who is Brahe?Tycho Brahe did not accept earth’s motion but determined that the sun orbits the earth and the rest of the planets orbit the sun.Who is Kepler?Kepler rejected perfect circular motion and discovered three laws: elliptical motion, equal areas (the planets speed up getting closer to the sun), and that period^2 = distance^3. Lecture 5 (September 4)What kind of graphs should we recognize in physical relationships?Proportional – Starts at the origin, straight y=mx+b line.Lecture 6 (September 10)GraphingWhat graphing terms should we recognize and be able to use in physical relationships?Plotting points – x axis, y axis, recognize relationships between the two points.Slope – delta (change in) y/delta xY intercept – Where the graph intersects with the y axisAlgebraic relationship of a straight line – y=mx+bPhysical relationship – replace y by variable on the y axis.Relationships:Proportional – begins on originLinear – y=mx+b not necessarily on originInverse – When the inverse of the x axis is shown instead of the x, the graph is a straight line.Lecture 7 (September 11)Who is Galileo?Galileo was an Italian physicis, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher. He developed the use of the telescope for commercial uses (Lippershey invented it) and then later in life used it as an observational tool. He was accused as a heretic by the Catholic Church because of his book, Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which predicted the movement of the earth. The church based the trial on a literal interpretation of biblical texts, and because of thesehe was sentenced to house arrest and reciting psalms.What were some of his important discoveries?The moon – earth-like terrain and sunrises and sunsetsPhases of VenusChanging sizes of MarsMoons of JupiterRings of SaturnNeptuneThe Nebulus RegionsMilky WaySunspotsLecture 9 (Sep 16)What can be said about straight line or rectilinear motion?Galileo stated that rest was not the natural state of material, but that if a force was applied in the opposite direction of the motion of an object it will slow down and stopWhat are some equations that are related to distance?Distance = slope*timeDisplacement = speed*time/(velocity*time)Scalar values are distance and speed as they do not have a specified direction assigned to them.Vector units are displacement and velocity as they have a direction (N, S, Left, Right) applied to the