Parental care:Reading:In terms of costs and benefits, describe hypotheses for why the following animals provide the majority of parental care: female mice, male 3-spined sticklebacks, male water bugs.What behavior of cliff swallow chicks may aid their parents in recognizing them as individuals? What is this behavior like in the related barn swallow? How does this relate to the nesting habits of the two birds? What are differences in how the parents recognize their chicks in the 2 species?What are potential reasons that herring gulls and western bluebirds feed young not their own?Recount evidence that supports both the gradual and the abrupt hypotheses for the evolution of nest parasitism.If birds with parasitized nests can recognize a foreign egg or chick, why do they ever raisethem?What is parent offspring conflict in terms of the fitness of parents vs offspring? Describe asituation in which the interests of the parents and offspring are opposed.Why would parent cattle egrets tolerate siblicide? Describe some experiments testing the hypothesis.Lecture:What factors go into determining parental fitness? Express these as an equation.What are ‘r-selected’ and ‘K-selected’ life histories?How do they relate to parenting strategies? How was this concept tested in white-breasted versus red-breasted nuthatches?What are the complementary strategies in orange and yellow *female* side-blotched lizards? Why are they an ESS?What are 4 theories about what factors determine whether males or females provide parental care? How do each of these apply to sunfish?Describe the most common patterns of parental care in birds, fish, and mammals, and the factors that are thought to contribute to each.What are the potential underlying fitness conflicts between: parents and offspring? Siblings?In sibling conflicts, who usually wins? Give an example. Do the parents play any role in this? Describe an experiment illustrating this point.What is a physiological factor in cattle egrets that might contribute to sibling rivalry?Siblicide has been studied intensively in hyenas- how do the theories of obligate and facultative siblicide attempt to explain the conditions under which siblicide occurs? What is the evidence for each?Adoption in the wild is an evolutionary puzzle, since it comes at a cost to the adoptive parents without increasing their fitness. What are some theories that account for why adoption occurs? Under what conditions should parents be best at identifying their young? Give an