Testing ultimate hypotheses:Reading:Describe the logic behind a cost-benefit approach to measuring whether a behavior is adaptive. Analyze phenotypes in fitness benefits and fitness costs-is it worth it?How did Hans Kruuk experimentally test the hypothesis that mobbing by black-headed gulls is adaptive? What were the results of his experiment, andwhat did they allow him to conclude? In this experiment, what was the proxy measurement for fitness?10m chicken eggs every few feet-outside nesting area should be preyed uponeasily, closer to area more protected- closer to gulls, higher survival rate-number of hen eggs uneatenExplain the logic behind the description in your text of using the comparative approach to assess whether a behavior is adaptive. Studying two unlike animals with same traits-if adaptive, it should evolve in other species subject to same selection pressuresLecture:Which two of Tinbergen's questions are ultimate questions?Function-how does behavior contribute to fitnessEvolution-how does behavior change over generationsWhat is the relationship between adaptiveness and fitness?Adaptiveness increases an animal’s fitnessIf natural selection favors the fittest and best-adapted animals, why aren't all members of a given species equally well-adapted?Environment varies-no one best phenotypeFrequency dependent selection-fitness of phenotype dependent on its frequency to other phenotypes in popWhat is an example of frequency-dependent selection?Predators focus on more common preyIf a behavior exists, does that mean that it has been selected for? What are 3 reasons that a nonadaptive behavior might exist? Which of these 3 are functional issues and which are evolutionary? Give specific examples of each.Traits do not occur in isolation-maladaptive trait baggage to another traitFrog call-whine unattractive to mates but hides from predators, chuck attractive to mates, but easily heard by predatorsTrait may be indifferent-arrived by drift-not selected for or againstTrait may have been adaptive in pastSalmon imprinting on dammed streamWhat are some of the things you can measure to get an idea of how fit an animal is?Number of offspring, escape from predators, nutritional intakeWhat are 3 general kinds of experimental tests for whether a behavior is adaptive? Give an example of each.Compare animals within a pop that have variations-which is more fitScorpinflies-male defending largest insect corpse or with largest salivary mass gets most femalesCreate variation in trait artificially-see if alters fitnessTail length in widowbirdsHow did scientists test the hypothesis that the long tails of male widowbirds is attractive to females?males with tails cut got fewer matesmales with lengthened tails got more matesmales with same tails cut then reglued back saw no changeWhat is an adaptive and a nonadaptive hypothesis for why ostriches don't fly?Adaptive: food on groundNonadaptive: ostriches selected for large size-cant fly-no selection to maintain large wingsWhat types of question fall within the domain of optimality theory? Give an example.Animal behaves as if assessing costs and benefits-proximal questionsFood that is harder to reach, but more nutritious, or more difficulty obtained food that is less nutritious Give examples of a pure and a mixed ESS.Pure-single behavioral strategy-gulls removing eggshells from nestsMixed-single individual sometimes performs one strategy and sometimes another OR a fraction of a pop performs one strategy while the remainder adopts another-stealing foodWhich 2 evolutionary patterns would explain a similarity in behavior in two different species?Both inherited from same ancestor OR evolved behavior in response to similar pressures How did flight evolve in birds?Feather first for warmth and then development of flight?From ground-flapping or from air-gliding?What is the problem with group selection? Give an example.Group selection likely to be weaker than individual-the selfish will always have more offspringPenguins taking turns in the middle vs fighting for the